1,720,984 research outputs found
Vocal communication between humans and animals
No full textIn this article, we review the scientific literature examining vocal communication between humans and other animals, with a focus on dog-human interactions, as these have recently received considerable attention from scientists.We discuss how vocal signals are produced in human and non-human mammals, arguing that vocal communication between different mammalian species is facilitated by commonalities in the production and perception of sound signals. Production mechanisms are described in the context of source-filter theory, and perceptual abilities in the context of motivational-structural rules.We then review the extent to which humans perceive and use the information content of animal vocal signals, finding that familiarity and phylogenetic relatedness are potential features for shared perception, but that cross-species communication appears possible even between unfamiliar and distantly related species. Domestication may have furthermore artificially selected for vocal signals that exploit human perceptual biases, thereby promoting cooperation between domesticated species and humans.Finally, we discuss animals’ abilities to assess information from both the nonverbal and verbal dimensions of human speech, also reviewing recent research on pet-directed speech, a specific voice register used by human speakers when addressing their pets. We report that many animals can decode information from human vocal signals including speaker traits, emotional and motivational states, and even phonemic or linguistic content
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Communication d’informations statiques et dynamiques via les vocalisations des chiots (Canis familairis)
No full textIn vertebrates, in order to provide optimal care to their young, parents use their vocal signals to assess kin, individuality or dynamic need. Despite the fact that many highly accessible species of domesticated mammals, that produce large and highly vocal litters, provide an ideal model for studying the mechanisms underlying such multilevel communication, they remain largely under-investigated. In this thesis, I aim to fill this gap by investigating the production and the perception of such information in the offspring calls of domestic dogs, a large litter-rearing mammal.I show that puppy whines contain litter and individual signatures mainly predicted by fundamental frequency fo. Playbacks experiments of whines also indicate that mothers use fo to recognise for their litter and puppies. Then, I move on to the investigation of vocal indicators of short-term need. My results demonstrate that nonlinear phenomena can reflect high level of need of puppies and that human caregivers are particularly sensitive to these harsh and salient perceptual cues of whines. In sum, my thesis work provides evidence for the acoustic encoding of multilevel static and dynamic information in a single call type, that mediate the interaction between offspring and their caregivers, and may facilitate the provision of optimal care.Chez les vertébrés, il est bien établi que les parents utilisent les signaux vocaux de leur jeune afin de le reconnaitre et d’évaluer ses besoins pour lui fournir des soins adaptés. Ces mécanismes de communication sont très peu décrits chez les espèces de mammifères qui produisent des portées malgré le fait qu’elles constituent un modèle idéal pour étudier la complexité de l’information multi-niveau (parenté, individu, besoins). Ainsi, l’objectif de ma thèse est d’étudier la production et la perception des informations encodées dans les pleurs des chiots ; un mammifère donnant naissance à de large portées composées de jeunes très vocaux dès la naissance. Je montre que les pleurs des chiots contiennent une signature vocale de portée et une signature individuelle, principalement prédite par leur fréquence fondamentale fo. Des expériences de repasse acoustique consistant à diffuser des pleurs de chiot, dont la fo est modifiée, indiquent également que ce paramètre est important pour la reconnaissance de la portée et des chiots par la mère. Ensuite, mes résultats montrent que les phénomène non linéaires communiquent des informations liées sur l’état émotionnel des chiots et que les humains y sont particulièrement sensibles. Mon travail de thèse démontre que des informations statiques et dynamiques riches sont simultanément encodées dans un seul type de cri chez le jeune chiot. Je suggère que cette communication complexe d’informations facilite la provision de soins adaptés
Communication d’informations statiques et dynamiques via les vocalisations des chiots (Canis familairis)
No full textChez les vertébrés, il est bien établi que les parents utilisent les signaux vocaux de leur jeune afin de le reconnaitre et d’évaluer ses besoins pour lui fournir des soins adaptés. Ces mécanismes de communication sont très peu décrits chez les espèces de mammifères qui produisent des portées malgré le fait qu’elles constituent un modèle idéal pour étudier la complexité de l’information multi-niveau (parenté, individu, besoins). Ainsi, l’objectif de ma thèse est d’étudier la production et la perception des informations encodées dans les pleurs des chiots ; un mammifère donnant naissance à de large portées composées de jeunes très vocaux dès la naissance. Je montre que les pleurs des chiots contiennent une signature vocale de portée et une signature individuelle, principalement prédite par leur fréquence fondamentale fo. Des expériences de repasse acoustique consistant à diffuser des pleurs de chiot, dont la fo est modifiée, indiquent également que ce paramètre est important pour la reconnaissance de la portée et des chiots par la mère. Ensuite, mes résultats montrent que les phénomène non linéaires communiquent des informations liées sur l’état émotionnel des chiots et que les humains y sont particulièrement sensibles. Mon travail de thèse démontre que des informations statiques et dynamiques riches sont simultanément encodées dans un seul type de cri chez le jeune chiot. Je suggère que cette communication complexe d’informations facilite la provision de soins adaptés.In vertebrates, in order to provide optimal care to their young, parents use their vocal signals to assess kin, individuality or dynamic need. Despite the fact that many highly accessible species of domesticated mammals, that produce large and highly vocal litters, provide an ideal model for studying the mechanisms underlying such multilevel communication, they remain largely under-investigated. In this thesis, I aim to fill this gap by investigating the production and the perception of such information in the offspring calls of domestic dogs, a large litter-rearing mammal.I show that puppy whines contain litter and individual signatures mainly predicted by fundamental frequency fo. Playbacks experiments of whines also indicate that mothers use fo to recognise for their litter and puppies. Then, I move on to the investigation of vocal indicators of short-term need. My results demonstrate that nonlinear phenomena can reflect high level of need of puppies and that human caregivers are particularly sensitive to these harsh and salient perceptual cues of whines. In sum, my thesis work provides evidence for the acoustic encoding of multilevel static and dynamic information in a single call type, that mediate the interaction between offspring and their caregivers, and may facilitate the provision of optimal care
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