56 research outputs found
تقييم مستوى فيتامين د في مصل الدم لدى الاشخاص المصابين بمرض السكري من النوع الثاني في محافظة غزة - قطاع غزة
No full textBackground: Type 2 diabetes is prevalent in Gaza strip. Although vitamin D deficiency has been recently linked to diabetes, biochemical tests are restricted to traditional monitoring of glucose. Therefore, introducing vitamin D test in Gaza hospitals may help in the management of the disease. Objective: To assess serum vitamin D level in type 2 diabetic patients from Gaza Strip. Materials and methods: This case-control study comprised 58 type 2 diabetic patients (29 males and 29 females) and 58 healthy controls (29 males and 29 females). Questionnaire interview was applied. Body mass index was determined. Serum vitamin D, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinin, calcium and phosphorus were determined. Blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured. Data were computer analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of cases and controls were 52.8±7.3 and 52.9±7.5 years, respectively. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was more frequent among unemployed individuals, families with low income and individuals with family history of the disease (P<0.05). About two-thirds of the patients were not on diet and almost half of the patients had diabetes since 5 years or less. The main self-reported complications were retinopathy, cardiovascular disease and neuropathy. The BMI was significantly higher in cases than controls. The mean level of vitamin D was significantly lower in cases compared to controls (25.9±11.0 vs. 34.6±13.8 ng/dl, P=0.000). The levels of blood HbA1c and serum glucose were significantly increased in cases compared to controls (7.9±1.7 vs. 5.3±0.8 %, P=0.000 and 208.2±113.0 vs. 100.5±24.4 mg/dl, P=0.000 respectively), whereas serum insulin was significantly decreased in cases (13.0±13.7 vs. 18.0±8.7 MlU/ml, P=0.030). The mean levels of triglycerides was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (284.7±120.2 vs. 234.2±134.6 mg/dl, P=0.035) whereas HDL-C was significantly lower in cases (34.5±7.1 vs. 41.3±10.9 mg/dl, P=0.000). The activities of ALT and AST were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (20.9±14.8 vs. 16.5±6.2 U/L, P=0.045 and 22.6±10.6 vs. 17.9±6.0 U/L, P=0.004, respectively). Serum calcium was significantly lower in cases compared to controls (9.0±0.7 vs. 9.4±0.7 mg/dl, P=0.002). Vitamin D was inversely associated with family history of diabetes. Serum vitamin D levels showed significant negative correlations with BMI (r=-0.201, P=0.032), HbA1c (r=-0.188, P=0.046), ALT (r=-0.192, P=0.040) and AST (r=-0.188, P=0.044), and significant positive correlations with HDL-C (r=0.188, P=0.044) and calcium (r=0.239, P=0.010). Conclusions: Serum vitamin D was significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients compared to controls. Serum vitamin D levels showed significant negative correlations with BMI, HbA1c, ALT and AST, and significant positive correlations with HDL-C and calcium
Grandes y pequeños ganaderos trashumantes en las sierras sorianas en el tránsito de la Edad Media a la Moderna
No full textEditada en la Universidad Carlos IIISe trata de llamar la atención en e este artículo sobre el papel de primera fila que jugaron los grandes señores de ganados en la actividad ganadera trashumante en el ámbito que abarcaba la cuadrilla mesteña de Soria durante los siglos XV y XVI. Para ello se establecen comparaciones entre el tamaño de sus rebaños y los de otros medianos y pequeños propietarios de la región, teniendo en cuenta entre otros indicios las noticias sobre sus ventas de lanas. Al mismo tiempo se profundiza en su caracterización desde el punto de vista sociopolítico, matizando algunas hipótesis que se han venido manejando para definir la base social mesteña y su evolución a lo largo del siglo XVI. Y por fin se repasan algunos aspectos referentes a la gestión de las explotaciones ganaderas trashumantes, que revelan la presencia de numerosos factores que hacían más rentables a las grandes frente a las medianas y pequeñas.Big sheep owners played a key role in nomadic sheeprearing in the Spanish region around Soria during the XVth. and XVIth. centuries. By using the volume of wool sales, the author compares the size of their flocks with those of other middle and small owners in the region and analyzes the owner’s sociopolitical profile, in order to qualify traditional hypotheses about the social basis of the «Mesta» and its evolution during the XVIth. Century. Lastly, some aspects of the management of sheeprrearing enterprises are examined, and its factors identified. In particular, the analyses focus on those aspects of sheeprearing that made big enterprises more profitable than the small ones.Publicad
Appartementen in Zoetermeer: (Mis)match tussen vraag en aanbod
No full textPROBLEM STATEMENT Zoetermeer is a city that has gone through a very strong growth in fifty years time. Mainly young families with children have moved to Zoetermeer in the past decades to enjoy the quietness and space that the city offers. Once the construction of VINEX district Oosterheem will be completed in 2013, the city limits will be reached. In short this means that future additions to the dwelling stock will have to take place within the city limits. The locations that the city council has appointed as inner-city building sites in June 2005 are mainly suitable for the construction of apartment buildings. The composition of the population of Zoetermeer starts to look like an average city more and more. For example Zoetermeer is strongly aging. Children leave their parental home and find themselves a way through the housing market. Eventually parents will lose the need for the large family house that they have once moved in. In short there will be more and more small households in the future. This change means that the demands of the population will change as well. Research shows that partly because of these changes there is an increasing demand for apartments. Theoretically this should match with the mentioned changes in building typology. However, this is not recognized in the transaction figures for apartments in Zoetermeer. In fact for owner-occupied apartments and apartments in the free rental sector there seems to be a weak market. One can argue that there is a mismatch between what is provided and what is needed. Zoetermeer will have to anticipate the changes in the composition of the population the next few years as good as possible. Especially with the new constructions in the next few years it is critical that the desires of the people are met. A good flow of the different target groups is partly depending on this. This research tries to find an answer to the question what aspects contribute to the success of new apartment buildings in Zoetermeer. RESEARCH Despite of the upcoming aging different target groups indicate their preference for a single-family house (Companen, 2007). This is the case especially for the younger households and families. Smaller households between the age of 35 and 65 years and elderly prefer an apartment, but transaction figures show that only few households actually choose for an apartment. The quality of a dwelling will be an important condition for house hunters to choose an apartment nonetheless. The research question that results from this question is as follows: What is the qualitative demand on the apartment market in Zoetermeer en how can this be anticipated with the development of new complexes? Goal of the research The goal of this research is to contribute to a better match between the demand and supply of apartments in the owner-occupied and the free rental sectors in Zoetermeer by appointing factors of success and failure with new apartment buildings. By hunting down the precise demands for quality of the involved target groups and linking this to the factors of success and failure, recommendations for the future additions to the apartment stock can be formulated. The underlying intention is to better serve the inhabitants of Zoetermeer with their needs and thus contribute to a more balanced housing market in general. The recommendations will mainly be propositions of what qualities should be given to the future building projects in Zoetermeer. This can refer to many different aspects, like for example the size, the plan, the price and the location. To achieve the objective the research is divided in four stages, each with a sub question and sub goal. Stage 1 \u95 Sub question: What does the mismatch look like? \u95 Sub goal: Mapping the current housing market of Zoetermeer. Stage 2 \u95 Sub question: What are the theoretical housing preferences of apartment residents in Zoetermeer? \u95 Sub goal: Analyzing the current and future preferences according to the literature. Stage 3 \u95 Sub question: What is the behavior of Zoetermeer residents? \u95 Sub goal: Determine housing preferences of house hunters on the basis of recently built apartment buildings. Stage 4 \u95 Sub question: What are the potentials for future additions to the apartment stock? \u95 Sub goal: Determine factors of success and failure for future additions to the apartment stock. MARKET ANALYSIS Population Although Zoetermeer was known as a typical family city since the 60s, the main conclusion of the period 2000-2012 is that the number of elderly households increases and the number of families decreases. Recently an increase in the number of young households has ben recognized as well. The expectation is that this number will not continue to increase but will decrease eventually and that the number of small households (30-55 years) will keep decreasing. Furthermore, the number of families keeps declining but the number of elderly households keeps growing. Especially the group 75+ will grow strongly after 2020, since the group babyboomers will reach that age about the same time. Especially after 2020 there will be a noticeably different housing need on city level with a strong focus on the growing number of elderly people. Since 2012 the group 55-75 year olds is even the largest group in Zoetermeer. Stock The present stock consists of 30,000 single-family houses and 20,000 apartments. That is a ratio of 60/40. With respect to surrounding cities the number of single-family houses compared to the number of apartments is relatively large. There, this ratio is 32/68. The present stock is characterized by a large supply of medium expensive owner-occupied dwellings and dwellings of the segment between the quality discount limit (\u80366.37) and the liberalization limit (\u80 664.66) (price level 2012). The dwellings are mostly spacious, with an above average supply of 90 m2. The amount of owner-occupies apartments in the plans is higher than before, although the amount and number of owner-occupied single-family houses is much lower. THEORETICAL HOUSING PREFERENCES The housing market analysis in chapter 2 describes the current situation of the housing market of Zoetermeer. Also future predictions are being discussed for both the demand and the supply. On the basis of these predictions the future potentials are determined. The most important conclusion of the market analysis is that the focus of the coming years in Zoetermeer will largely lie on the elderly. Especially the preferences of this target group will have to be taken into consideration in future plans. The analysis also shows that in Zoeteremeer there is a relatively large tendency to move. This is an additional reason for policy. By putting together the different sources that have been cited in chapters 2 and 3 an overall picture for the future potentials of the apartment market of Zoetermeer can be composed. Price In the period up to 2009 the chances of the apartment market seemed to be in the social and medium expensive segments. Subsequently, many apartments in the medium price class have been built in the period after 2009. Due to this change in supply, the demand of the next few years will lie especially on the expensive owner-occupied apartments and the cheap rental apartments. \u95 Owner-occupied: \u80 200,000 – 300,000 \u95 Rental: \u80 518 - 664 Dwelling size In general in Zoetermeer there is less need for new constructions of medium size dwellings and a greater need for variation, for example small and cheap or expansive but spacious. Less need for: \u95 Rental: 70-90 m2 \u95 Owner-occupied: 90-120 m2 More need for: \u95 Variation Buyers generally have a preference for a four- of five-room apartment. Tenants prefer three of four rooms. Although the average size of households declines, the need for sufficient rooms remains. Even the smaller households have the need for at least one extra bedroom. \u95 Buyers: 4 or 5 rooms \u95 Tenants: 3 or 4 rooms ? Architecture Apartment seekers in Dutch cities (> 100,000 inhabitants) have a preference for dwellings with a traditional architectural style. Especially with buyers this preference is significant; 65% of the seekers. Also with tenants the preference for traditional apartment buildings is the highest (37%), however 44% of the tenants say they don’t have a strong preference. Buyers are firmer in their wishes when it comes to architecture. Residential environment The most important conclusions about the living environment is that the ‘off-center’ environments (all districts surrounding the center) are not attractive in their current situation, especially not with the younger household. The growth potentials are in the green-urban areas (current supply: Rokkeveen and newer). This means that for new projects within these off-center areas spacious layouts will have to be taken into account. \u95 Young households (<35 yr): Green-urban/center-urban \u95 Small Households (35-65 yr): Green-urban \u95 Families: Green-urban \u95 Elderly: Green-urban / center-urban /off-center Facilities Both buyers and tenants of apartments think it is important to have shops for the daily groceries near their house. Also the distance to public transport and a public park are important aspects in the surroundings of a dwelling. \u95 Shops/daily groceries \u95 Public transport \u95 Public park It is not the amenities that are typical for a city, like restaurants and theaters, that are preferred in the near vicinity. ANALYSIS OF LIVING BEHAVIOR IN PRACTICE Success factors Failure factors Edelweiss - Large apartments are preferred - Location (park, shops, medical center) - Show house - Buyers first choose for size, than for sun and view - Lowest levels are less popular - Smallest types not popular - Not possible to modify Spazio - Four-room apartments are popular - Apartments with unobstructed view are popular - Current residents are satisfied - Choose for location and anonymity - A great addition at once - Too expensive for interested people - Parking facilities - Lack of real balconies Bijdorp - Location in relation to shops - Medical facilities - Small scale - Social contacts - Layout of the dwellings - Size of the dwellings - Interior of the courtyard - Lack of meeting place - Parking facilities (visitors) - Lack of balconies - Storage rooms are too small - View Nuova Campagna - Small scale - Architecture - Luxurious look - Rest/space/green - Social contacts (gallery) - Penthouses (price/location) - Technical condition of public space (parking garage and porches) RECOMMENDATIONS Future additions Approximately 4800 dwellings will be built the coming years. These will mainly be apartments. This fits both the demand for the near future and the limited availability of expansion possibilities in Zoetermeer. Various recently developed apartment buildings turned out to be quite a success. Nuova Campagna is an example of a project where there is a high level of satisfaction among the residents and where developers have succeeded in selling apartments of the highest price range. Many aspects of this project can be used in future plans, like the atmospheric layout, the traditional architecture and the size of the balconies. However, duplicating such a project does not necessarily mean a repetition of its success. It has been found out that the most expensive apartments were difficult to sell. Oosterheem did not turn out to be the best location for developing penthouses. The demand for apartments will mainly be in the category \u80 200,000 – 300,000. A complex like Spazio matches more with that price range. However, the living qualities that Spazio has to offer do not match with the wishes of the apartment hunters that are able to afford such apartments in many ways. The anonymous character, the modern architecture, and the lack of real balconies are examples of this. With future development plans it wil be most important to combine the right aspects. For dwellings with a particular price it should be considere for what target group the coherent price will be accessible. On the basis of that knowledge what kind of character or architecture fits that target group, what kind of facilities are desired, etc. There will have to be built consumer oriented. This can be done by using market analyses as the basis of housing projects and involving future residents and consumer organizations in the building process. Edelweiss is a plan where this has been done frequently. Although this is a good starting point, Edelweiss shows that even involving residents in the development, one can still fail with the final implementation. Developers will have to keep doing research. Although there is a lot of knowledge about target groups, peoples behavior and cohabitation are always subject to change. Zoetermeer is living proof of that. The traditional houdeholds cycle is becoming less ordinary. For instance there is a growth of the number of singles, an increase of the life expectancy and there is a greater difference in incomes. So also in the future research on target groups will have to be carried out continuously. Also new target groups will have to be recocnized forehanded. ? Facilities Zoetermeer is more or less fixed to the designated locations for new additions. Briefly, from now on one will have to ‘make do with what one has’. Urban planning aspects such as public parks and routes for public transport have already found their way. In the interpretation of the last housing complexes on infill sites one will have to deal smartly with these existing facilities. At each location questions can be asked, like: ‘Which target group likes living amidst the vibrance?’, ‘Which group chooses for quietness and green?’. As soon as these questions are answered , one can plan targeted. When developing new complexes there must be a focus on the availability of grocery stores. The surveys have shown that all residents of large cities have a great need for grocery stores near their homes. It is also important that houses are easy to reach by public transport and that elderly homes have medical facilities at a short distance. The market analysis shows that for all target groups the potentials lie in the green-urban environment. Especially families and small households (35-65 years) have a strong preference for green-urban living. Elderly and young households would possibly also choose for center-urban or off-center neighborhoods. In the end all off-center districts are less popular for all target groups. These are the districts that surround the city center. The main difference between the green-urban and off-center districts is the architectural interpretation. The preference for green-urban districts has not much to do with aspects like location or accessibility, but more with their layouts and image. Since the future constructions will still mainly occur in the off-center districts, the qualities of green-urban living, like the spacious layouts will have to be taken into account in order to increase the chances of success. Social and small-scale With the construction of new complexes, the focus will have to be on the green-urban character. This is coupled with the collective preference for traditional architecture, and the desire of elderly for small-scale buildings. Also with project on inner city locations this will have to be taken into account. The preference of the elderly to live small-scaled and traditionally is an expression of their social needs. As people grow older, the need for social contacts in their near environment grows too. The overall design of a complex can be based on this approach. The residents of the complex Bijdorp are very satisfied with the social atmosphere within the complex. This is partly due to the positioning of the galleries surrounding a courtyard and the small scale of the buildings. Only the courtyard could have be designed better and an indoor meeting space would fit the needs even more. The lack of balconies feeds this need even more. In particular the inhabitants of the gallery housing in the complex Nuova Campagna are very positive about the social atmosphere around their house. Here the layout is also small-scaled. Parking facilities What certainly should be taken into account in the development of new apartment buildings are the parking facilities. The case studies show that people greatly value sufficient, good and affordable parking. Also when people search for a new home this aspect plays an important role. Further, for senior housing It must be remembered that visitors also need to be able to park their cars. Dwelling size and plan Although the number of small households increases in Zoetermeer, the question remains fairly balanced in terms of dwelling size. This is because the desired living space per person is also growing. Currently there seems to be no explicit demand for small homes. Starters are not rushing as before to move to a starter home, but on average they remain with their parents longer to eventually move to a quality home. Elderly also stay in their family homes as long as possible before they decide to move to an apartment. Only when their mobility starts to form a barrier they make that consideration. In view of the enormous aging new apartments should ideally be accessible for seniors. The Handboek voor Toegankelijkheid would be a good guide for designing such houses. Even simple actions like opening the door to visitors can be a problem if there is no room right next to the door to temporarily park the walker. The practical limitations of a single family home for the elderly are often the main reason to move. Therefore, apartments must remove the barriers on technical and practical level. Number of rooms Nationally we can see a trend where buyers of apartments in major cities search for houses with four or five rooms. Tenants choose a house with three or four rooms. In Zoetermeer this does not seem to be different. Moreover, the age of the intended target group will have to play no role in determining the number of rooms. In most cases it is the composition of the household that determines the number of rooms they will need. In practice, in Zoetermeer there is generally a greater need for four-room apartments than three-room apartments. Outdoor space and view The case studies show that unobstructed view of housing is one of the most important qualities. It even seems more important than the amount of sunlight. When designing apartment buildings there must be searched for a balance between apartments with and without unobstructed view. If necessary, prices can be adjusted or extra qualities (surface) can be given as a compensation. Price There are concrete plans for about 1,900 condominiums, especially in the medium-price segment (\u80174,000-245,000). Although medium-priced homes remain desirable in the future, this number seems too large because in the recent years many dwellings have been built in this price segment. Demand and plans 2007-2020 Source: ‘Herziening marktonderzoek. Woningmarkt Zoetermeer.’ KAW, 2012 For new construction, instead of just focusing on the medium-price segment, variation in price will ensure a better balance in supply. This is also argumentative in view of the future, when the composition of the population is expected to change again after 2030 the moment that the elderly households will decrease in number again.Housing SystemsReal Estate & HousingArchitectur
El trazo geométrico regulador y la unidad de proporción en la edificación del antiguo Colegio Apostólico de Propaganda Fide de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, Zacatecas. 68 Tercera Época (2017) agosto-noviembre. Gaceta de Museos. Museo de Guadalupe. Cien años
No full textAlaniz Tamez, Juan, Historia del templo de Santiago Apóstol: su trazo armónico, México, UANL, 1998.Esparza Valdivia, Margarita Esthela, Colegio y convento de Guadalupe: imagen y descripciones, siglos XIX-XXI, México, Instituto Zacatecano de Cultura/UAZ, 2007.González Galván, Manuel, Trazo, proporción y símbolo en el arte virreinal. Antología personal, México, UNAM, 2006.López de Lara Castañeda, José de Jesús, Zacatecas, historia, cultura y arte. Apuntamientos para la historia de la Iglesia católica en Zacatecas, México, Instituto Zacatecano de Cultura, 2017.Martínez del Sobral y Campa, Margarita, Los conventos franciscanos poblanos y el número de oro, México, INAH Puebla/Gobierno del Estado de Puebla/Fundación Fuad Abed Halabi, 1988.Morales, Francisco, “Guadalupe, Zacatecas, actividad misionera de los franciscanos en un siglo de cambios”, en José Francisco Román Gutiérrez, Memoria del congreso Los Colegios Apostólicos de Propaganda Fide, su Historia y su Legado, Zacatecas, Gobierno del Estado de Zacatecas/uaz/El Colegio de Michoacán, 2008.Moreno Basurto, Salvador, Diarios, derroteros e historias. Colegio Apostólico de Propaganda Fide de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Zacatecas, siglo XVIII, México, UAZ, 2015.Román Gutiérrez, José Francisco, Memoria del congreso Los Colegios Apostólicos de Propaganda Fide, su Historia y su Legado, Zacatecas, Gobierno del Estado de Zacatecas/UAZ/El Colegio de Michoacán, 2008.Villagrán García, José, “Los trazos reguladores de la proporción arquitectónica. Sentido y práctica”, México, curso sustentado en El Colegio Nacional, 1967
Molecular dynamics studies of the interactions of low energy particles and clusters with surfaces
No full text"The interaction of energetic particles and clusters with metal surfaces has been investigated using molecular dynamics computer simulations. For the particle interactions, a previously unknown mechanism for producing damage at surfaces, involving viscous flow of molten matter, was uncovered in atomistic simulations of self bombardment of Au, Cu and Pt. The findings were extended to higher energy irradiations using a macroscopic model derived in this work and shown to have enormous significance for studies of radiation damage and ion beam modifications of materials. The simulations also provide new insight into the question of ""non-linear"" or thermal spike sputtering and also suggest a mechanism for cluster emission. Cluster-solid interactions were investigated by simulating the impact of various metallic clusters on metal surfaces. The energies of the clusters were varied from less than one eV (soft landings) to over 3 keV; the sizes of the clusters were varied from 87 to 1000 atom, and the angles of incidence was varied from near glancing to near normal. Both solid and liquid clusters were examined. A broad range of behavior was observed in the simulations: splatting of the cluster over the surface, the formation of globs, and the penetration of the clusters deep into the substrate. General rules for predicting the dominant behavior are suggested."Embedded atom method potentials were employed in these simulations to represent the different metals and alloys. Although these potentials are well tested near equilibrium conditions, they are unreliable when the potential energies exceeded 10 eV. Pseudopotential methods were employed to construct an accurate force model for atoms at the close separations, although a simple spline connecting EAM potentials at low energies with the Universal potential at high energies was employed in most of the simulations. All of the simulations were three dimensional and fully dynamical.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:43:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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The effect of some dentin bonding agents on Dycal lining cement
No full textDentin primer is applied as a routine procedure prior to bonding to improve the sealing properties of direct polymerizing
resins. Some primers contain acetone or alcohol that may affect the properties of calcium hydroxide liner which is placed as
a direct or indirect pulp capping. If calcium hydroxide is softened or smeared over the cavity walls, the bonding will be impaired.
Therefore, the cement must be removed, the walls must be cleansed and the procedure must be repeated with careful application
of dentin primer. The purpose of this study was to determine the wear and compressive strength of a calcium hydroxide liner
(Dycal) after exposure to different kinds of dentin primers for different periods of time. Dycal was mixed according to the
manufacturer’s instructions and placed in plastic rings of 0.5 mm x 5 mm and allowed to set at 37°C for 15 minutes under 500
gm load. To determine erosion, the height for each sample before and after application of primers was recorded using Digital
Height Measuring Instrument (Digmar 817). Compressive strength specimens were also prepared. Dycal treated with Optibond
or Syntac for 1 minute or 5 minutes had the highest erosion values and the lowest compressive strength values. Gluma CPs (water
based primer) had the least effect on Dycal.Corresponding Author:
Dr. Alaa El-Araby
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences
College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, KSA
Email: [email protected]
Stock return, risk and asset pricing
No full textThis thesis attempts to address a number of issues that have been identified in the asset pricing literature as essential for shaping stock returns. These issues include the need to uncover the link between the macroeconomic variables and stock returns. In addition to this, is the need to decide, in light of the findings of the literature, whether to advise investors to include idiosyncratic risk and downside risk as risk factors in their asset pricing models. The results presented here suggest, consistent with other previous studies, that stock returns are a function of a number of previously identified risk factors along with the wider set of macroeconomic variables. These macroeconomic variables could be represented by a number of estimated macro factors. However, only one of these estimated factors emerged as significant in explaining the cross-section of stock returns. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the size (SMB) and value (HML) factors remain important factors in explaining the cross sectional returns on UK stocks, even with the existence of the other risk factors. This finding of inability of the examined macroeconomic variables to capture the pricing power of the SMB and the HML may cast doubt on the possibility of finding more macroeconomic factors that are able to account for these two factors in the cross section of returns in the UK. Interestingly, this conclusion seems to contradict previous authors' findings of potential links in the UK market. The results also support past studies that find that downside risk is an important risk factor and by allowing the downside risk premium to vary with business cycle conditions, downside risk might be a better measure of risk than market risk. Nevertheless, this thesis shows that although this finding is applicable in times of economic expansion, during recession, there is no conclusive relationship between . downside risk and stock returns. Furthermore, this thesis supports the studies which find that idiosyncratic risk is not significant in pricing stocks. However in contrast to other studies, it reveals this by showing that time-varying risk could be the reason behind the potentially illusive findings of idiosyncratic risk effect. This thesis confirms that, for London Stock Exchange investors, macroeconomic variables should never be overlooked when estimating stock returns and downside risk could be an influential risk factor
La fragmentation de l’espace urbain d’Oran (Algérie). Mécanismes, acteurs et aménagement urbain
No full textCette recherche évalue l’ampleur de l’éclatement de l’habitat légal et illégal dans la proche banlieue oranaise et s’efforce d’en déterminer les causes à travers l’application des politiques urbaines menées.En démontant quelques clichés, ce travail démontre la différenciation existant entre les niveaux d’équipement enregistrés par les différents fragments. Enfin, à la lumière des travaux disponibles et d ‘observations attentives et suivies de la dynamique urbaine, l’auteur préconise une politique d ‘aménagement urbain facilitant de fait, un fonctionnement plus fluide de la métropole oranaise.This research evaluates the extent of legal and illegal habitat fragmentation in Oran outskirts and strives to determine the causes due to the application of urban politics being carried out.By taking stereotypes to pleces, this study demonstrates the existing differentiation between the standards of equipment recorded by different fragments. Lastly in the light of studies available, attentive observations and follow up of urban dynamics, the author recommends some urgent actions to be taken with a view to integrating these fragments in a politic of urban planning thus facilitating a better running of the Oran metropolis.Esta investigación hace una evaluación de la importancia de la fragmentación del habitat legal e ilegal en las cercanías de Orán e intenta determinar las causas a través de las aplicaciones de las politicas urbanas llevadas a cabo.Desmantando algunos tópicos, este trabajo demuestra la diferencia existente entre los niveles de equipamiento registrados por los diferentes fragmentos. Por fin, a la luz de los trabajos disponibles y de abservaciones menuciosas y seguidas de la dinámica urbana, el autor preconiza algunas acciones urgentes que deben tomarse con el fin de integrar esos fragmentos en una politica de acondicionamiento urbano facilitando de hecho, el funcionamiento más fluido de la metropolis oranesa.تقف هذه الدراسة على جسامة تفرّق السكن الشرعي وغير الشرعي بالضاحية الوهرانية القريبة، كما تنشد تحديد الأسباب من خلال تطبيق السياسات العمرانية المسطرة، بفك بعض الكليشهات، يبرز هذا العمل التفرقة القائمة بين مستويات التجهيز المسجلة من الأطراف المختلفة.وعلى ضوء الأشغال المتوفرة وكذا الملاحظات الدقيقة والدؤوبة للدينامية العمرانية، يوصي بها صاحب المقال ببعض الإجراءات الاستعجالية بغية إدماج هذه الأطراف ضمن سياسة تهيئة بتسهيل حقيقي لسير أحسن للميتروبول للحاضرة الواهرانية
Seawater carbonate chemistry and phytoplankton community in the Gulf of Guinea-Africa
No full textWe carried out measurements of the CO2 system parameters to evaluate the impact of carbonate and nutrients' chemistry on phytoplankton populations in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG). The seasonal variations of the CO2 system parameters (fCO2, DIC, pH and TA) along with nitrates and phosphates were quantified weekly at surface (between 0 and 5 m depth) (5.57°N - 4.57°W) in the GoG from May to December 2020.
This dataset is included in the OA-ICC data compilation maintained in the framework of the IAEA Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (see https://oa-icc.ipsl.fr). Original data were provided by the author of the related paper (see Related to) to the OA-ICC data curator. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2024) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2024-06-04
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