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The Siberian Branch of the Shibanid Dynasty in Sh. Marjani’s Studies
No full textObjectives and research materials: In 1885, Shihabuddin Marjani wrote the work “Mustafa al-Akhbar fi ahwal Kazan va Bulgar” (“The Mine of Information about Events in Kazan and Bulghar”). By analyzing chapters of the history on the Siberian branch of the Shibanid dynasty, the author of the present article aims to identify the main sources for the hypotheses proposed by S. Marjani. In the part of the work published in Russian, there are several stories related to representatives of the branch of the Shibanid dynasty who were enthroned in Tyumen and Siberia. Stories about them are scattered in various sections: “Section about the Toqtamishids”, “Section about the New State with the Capital in Kazan”, “Section about the Kasimov Khanate in the Lands of Kirman”, “Section about the Siberian Khans”. In addition, some information is available in the “Section about the Sheibanid Khans” and “Section about the Sheibanids Who Ruled in Mawarannahr”.
Results and novelty of the research: A comparison of Marjani’s accounts with the sources published in Russian at that time allows us to suggest that Marjani could have made use of “The Genealogical Tree of the Turks” by Abu-l-Ghazi, the “Sheibaniade” by an unknown author and published in Kazan in 1849 by I. Berezin, the “Collection of Materials Relating to the History of the Golden Horde” by V. Tizengauzen (Volume I. Extracts from Arabic sources), and “Studies of the Kasimov Tsars and Princes” by V.V. Velyaminov-Zernov. With a certain degree of probability, he also could have used the work, “Mukim-Khan’s history” by Muhammad Yusuf Munshi. In such a case, Marjani was apparently the first historian in the Russian milieu who used Munshi’s text and briefly reviewed the history of the formation and collapse of the Uzbek khanate of Abu al-Khair. Although suffering from certain factual flaws, the work of Marjani contained important information on the history of the Shibanids. Moreover, in some cases, the author’s assumptions were ahead of the historical scholarship of his time; for example, regarding the khan’s titles of Ali and Ishim. This observation indicates the need for further research into the sources used by this author
The Islamization Process of the Population of the South of Western Siberia in the 13th–16th centuries
No full textResearch objective: To identify the stages and consequences of the Islamization process of the population of the south of Western Siberia in the 13th–16th centuries.
Research material: The research work was conducted on the basis of analysis of published sources: annals, chronicles, ambassadorial documents, missive letters and contracts, travellers’ notes, archaeological and ethnographical materials.
Results and novelty of the research: Historiography of Siberian Islam traditionally considers Kuchum Khan as the central figure in the process of Islamization of local Turkic-Tatar groups. As a rule, previous attempts at establishing Islam there are considered rather superficially. The author of the article believes that it is inappropriate to take the first from the second when considering the process of Islamization and lacking an understanding of some of its consequences. The acquaintance of the population with Islam began in the pre-Mongol period due to the presence in this territory of Turkic nomads familiar with the culture of Central Asia. Purposeful attempts to establish this religion were connected with the activities of the descendants of Shiban ibn Jochi in the ulus of which the western lands of the region under consideration were included. They directly fit into the corresponding trends in the central lands of the ulus of Jochi, especially during the period of Uzbek Khan. The existence of the wintering camps of the Shibanids on the Syr Darya, where Islam had a traditionally strong position, was an important factor. Thus, there were two potential centers for the introduction of Islam into Siberian lands (the Volga region and Central Asia), which had an economic impact on the Shibanid domain. The consequences of the activities of Muslim preachers were ambiguous. On the one hand, there were clashes on religious grounds, but on the other, alternative faiths, in particular Buddhism, clearly retained their positions on the Siberian periphery. With the beginning of Shibanid statehood in the form of the Uzbek Khanate, as well as its heirs in the region – the Tyumen and Siberian Khanates – the dynasty began to purposefully support the Muslim community, something expressed in the vocabulary of the aristocracy, the presence of seyyids and hafizes at the khan’s court, hutba’s and sikka’s implementations during the enthronement of the rulers. Obviously, this indicates the great importance of this community in supporting the power of the khan. Indirect evidence suggests that by the end of the fifteenth century, Islam was accepted not only by representatives of the elite, but also by ordinary nomads. However, the crisis of the local statehood of the Shibanid dynasty at the beginning of the sixteenth century became a factor in the departure of the khans and their supporting nomadic groups to the Syr Darya and the Aral Sea region. This led to a significant decrease in the number of local Muslims and a break in cultural traditions. Moreover, after 1563, the new Siberian khans, Ahmad Giray and Kuchum, faced the problem of sowing Islam in the territory of Siberia along the Irtysh which had not previously been directly subordinate to the khanate. The result was a new stage of Islamization which at the same time affected precisely the new groups of the population subordinated to the khan’s power
Chingi-tura in the History of the Tyumen Khanate
No full textPurpose: To identify the main evolution stages of the status of the settlement of Chingi-tura as the political center of the Tyumen Khanate.
Research materials: The work was carried out on the basis of an analysis of published sources (chronicles, embassy documents, letters, contracts, travelers’ notes, cartography data, and results of archaeological excavations).
Results and scientific novelty. In historical research, largely under the influence of various editions of the so-called “Siberian chronicles,” there is a traditional concept about the connection of Chingi-tura, first of all, with the activities of the princes from the Taibugid dynasty. The city practically stopped existing with their departure to Isker-Siberia. However, a more comprehensive approach to sources, including archaeological ones, allows for considering this issue in a different way.
The formation of the city (taking into account the specifics of applying this term to Siberian realities), was associated specifically with the Ulus of Jochi, dating back to the last quarter of the 13th century when the population changed there and Chingi-tura became one of the centers on the Transural trade route. The economic and possibly administrative significance of Chingi-tura in the 13th–14th centuries became the basis for its political rise in the first third of the next century. It appeared to be the center that attracted those Shibanids who would fight for uniting all lands of that dynasty’s representatives into a single state. Moreover, until the end of 1420 the city was under the control of representatives of the Burkut tribe whose history is obviously connected with the Siberian Taibugids. Only after 1431, in the time of Abu-l-Khair, did Chingi-tura receive the status of a throne place (Tyumen of Russian sources) which is a reasonable basis to refer to the state as the Tyumen Khanate. For a long time, the specificity of the city was determined by the fact that it was located on the northern border of this steppe state, something which greatly complicated its development.
Also, contrary to the established historiographic tradition, it can be said that Chingi-tura was not abandoned after the death or murder of the Tyumen Khan Ibrahim (Ibak) no later than 1495. The collapse of the city is associated with the crisis of the Tyumen Khanate itself in late 1510. Despite the apparent decrease of its importance, the city continued to exist and play a certain role in the political ideology of Khan Kuchum, a grandson of Ibrahim. It was finally abandoned by the Tatars after Yermak’s campaign. Owing to this, by 1586, the time of the construction of Russian Tyumen nearby, it was already called as “an empty settlement”. Further understanding of Chingi-tura role in the history of the Siberian statehood of the Shibanids is impossible without the urgent continuation of archaeological excavations of the settlement remains that have survived to this day
On the Question of Islamization of Ugrian Population in Western Siberia from the sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries and Some Aspects of Study of This Process
No full textResearch objectives: The reconstruction of the features of Islamization of the Ugrian population in Western Siberia from the sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries and some controversial points in the research of this process.
Research materials: The present study was based on the analysis of published sources: chronicles, memoirs, and archaeological as well as historiographical data.
Results and novelty of the research: The penetration of world religions, including Islam, into the taiga and tundra zone of Western Siberia in the late Middle Ages and Early Modern period is a relevant though insufficiently studied line of research. It is directly related to the issues of including these territories into the Russian state. However, in most cases the limited written and archaeological sources, characterizing the process of adoption of Islam by the local population, have led to the discussion adopting the same stereotyped plotlines. Most often, research has looked to characterize various possible factors possibly influencing the process of Islamization led by the representatives of Sufi tariqas, acting in the territory of the Shibanids within the ulus of Jochi, the Tyumen and Siberian Khanate in particular. A significant strengthening of the Muslims’ influence and their activity’s expansion is only revealed in the case of the last one. This process is automatically related to the Ugrian principalities connected with the Khanate, most often not in critical terms. At the same time, the analysis of chronicles mostly shows very limited possibilities of Islamic preaching outside the territory of various groups of Siberian Tatars. In such cases, preaching influenced either the representatives of the Ugrian elite alone, or reflected the domestic partnership of the Ugrians with Tatars. Under these conditions, the emergence of new approaches, which O.N. Naumenko and E.A. Naumenko claim in their works, force us to carefully analyze the proposed methods, sources, and results of the study of Islam among the West Siberian Ugrians. The work done in this regard shows that during the period under consideration, the adoption of Islam among the representatives of any groups of the Ob Ugrians would have been isolated incidents. As a rule, such episodes were connected with the elite of this society that was in close cooperation with the aristocracies of the Siberian Khanate. Dwelling in an interconnected way with the Turkic-Tatar population played a great role in this as well. Moreover, after the entry of Western Siberia into the Russian state, the number of such cases did not increase. On the contrary, sources define the Ostyaks and the Voguls as pagans. It is in this context that Orthodox preaching began among them
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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