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Anaemia among schoolchildren; A narrative review
Get PDFAnaemia is a significant problem in the developing world, such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with the greatest burden of disease experienced in children. Although extensive research on anaemia has been done among the pre-schoolers, less is documented about schoolchildren. Thus, the current review intends to summarise recent data on the prevalence and risk factors of anaemia among schoolchildren aged 5-18 years across SSA for planning mitigating interventions. A review was conducted on published English articles in Sub-Saharan countries providing estimates on anaemia prevalence and risk factors using databases from PubMed and Google Scholar from January 2010 to April 2021. A total of 41 articles were identified for review. Based on eligibility criteria, 18 articles were included in the current review. The review showed that the prevalence of anaemia among schoolchildren ranged from 11% (Ethiopia) to 83% (Nigeria). Generally, infection (56%), eating less protein and vegetables (33%), age (22%) and sex (16%) of the child were the significant risk factors for anaemia among schoolchildren. The current review established that anaemia is directly associated with infection, less consumption of protein and vegetables, age and sex of the child. Effective public health strategies such as biofortification of food are needed to improve micronutrient intake among older children
Efficacy of quality protein maize-based supplementary foods on rehabilitating undernourished Children in Mvomero District, Tanzania
No full textA THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA.Child undernutrition is a persistent problem in Africa, especially in areas where the poor largely depend on starchy staples with limited access to diverse diets. Despite the fact that Tanzania has given attention to undernutrition, the prevalence rate is still high. Inappropriate feeding practices may account for approximately one-third of undernutrition. Traditional supplementary feeding of infants and young children in Tanzania and much of Africa is commonly based on maize porridge, usually made from plain maize. Low energy density of maize-porridge, linked with its low quality protein, low micronutrients and low lysine and tryptophan, make maize porridge a poor supplementary food for infants and young children. One intervention in mitigating these limitations was biofortification of maize initiated by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. The intervention involved developing maize cultivars with protein high in lysine and tryptophan, known as quality protein maize. Despite the fact that utilization of quality protein maize as part of a family diet is growing steadily in Tanzania, there is little information on the use of quality protein maize in supplementary feeding. The current study therefore, was designed to fill this gap by evaluating the efficacy of quality protein maize-based composite supplementary foods on rehabilitation of undernourishedchildren in Mvomero District. Three composite diets were prepared from quality protein maize, namely quality protein maize-soybeans; quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans- cowpeas. Two control diets were prepared from plain quality protein maize and common maize. These diets were extruded atan average temperature of 125oC with retention time of 2 minutes. The formulations were made to meet the greatest amino acid score and the desired amount of energy and fat according to the FAO/WHO (1985) recommendation for pre-school children. The third control diet (Chesta®) used for rat was made from maize, soybeans, fish, bone and blood meal. Albino rats were used in evaluating the protein
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quality of the formulations, whereas 150 children (2-5 years) were used to evaluate the rehabilitation potential of the formulations from undernutrition. Results showed that, protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores were 80% (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans), 80% (quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas), 87% (quality protein maize-soybeans), 100% (common maize alone) and 98% (quality protein maize). Baseline study of the undernourished children showed that pre-lacteal feeding was common in the study area (40%). Children were introduced to complementary foods too early (˂6 months) and plain maize porridge was the first food to be introduced. Mostchildren (57.2%, n=86) were on the lowest tercile (≤3 food groups per day) of dietary diversity score. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis revealed that, family’s source of income and breastfeeding frequency were among the factors that influenced stunting of children significantly. Other factors such as age of the child, age at introduction of complementary food, dietary diversity score ≤3 food groups, consumption of animal foods, family size and use of non- potable water were also risk factors that predicted child stunting. A randomized longitudinal study with intention to rehabilitate the undernourished children showed that, quality protein maize-based diets had positive effects (p<0.05) on weight, height, weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height Z-scores and haemoglobin concentrations but not on mid-upper arm circumference. Children consuming conventional maize porridge progressively faltered in growth with weight-for age decreasing from -1.9 to -2.1 SD, height-for age from -2.0 to -2.9 SD, weight for height from -1.2 to -1.9 SD and haemoglobin levels decreasing from 10 to 9.9 (g/dL). During the 16 weeks of rehabilitation, 68% (n=27) of children receiving quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet grew back to normal weight for age Z-score of ≤ -2SD. For children receiving quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet, 50% (n=23) of the undernourished children grew back to normal weight for age and only 19.5% (n=9) of the children receiving conventional porridge diet grew back to normal
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weight for age Z-score. Quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet had higher potential to support growth than the other diets. The growth velocities for children in various groups were 0.39 g/month for quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans, 0.28 g/month for quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and 0.13 g/month for conventional maize diets. Quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas met RDA for both energy (360 kcal) and protein (16 g) for children 2-5 years. Amino acid scores for quality protein maize-based diets were higher than the recommended amino acid scores (≥65%) for optimal growth of children. Concentrations of fumonisin B1 and total fumonisin were 1687.82 and 1717.16 μg/kg in plain quality protein maize and 1625.08 and 1745.22 μg/kg in plain common maize, respectively. These values were all above the maximum tolerable limit of 1000 μg/kg recommended by the European Commission. Consumer evaluation revealed that, quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans porridge was rated higher (p˂0.05) for aroma and taste than quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge. All the porridges (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans; quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge), were however equally acceptable (p˃0.05) by the test panel. Experimental porridge was distinguished in principal component 1 by the sensory attributes of colour, oiliness, aroma, sweetness, liking and aftertaste from the control. However, all the porridges could be described by viscosity, sweetness and colour in principal component 2. Two diets quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas showed the greatest potential for rehabilitation of undernourished children. Public awareness on the use of quality protein maize as an ingredient in making complementary food is therefore recommende
Efficacy of quality protein maize-based supplementary foods on rehabilitating undernourished Children in Mvomero District, Tanzania
No full textA THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA.Child undernutrition is a persistent problem in Africa, especially in areas where the poor largely depend on starchy staples with limited access to diverse diets. Despite the fact that Tanzania has given attention to undernutrition, the prevalence rate is still high. Inappropriate feeding practices may account for approximately one-third of undernutrition. Traditional supplementary feeding of infants and young children in Tanzania and much of Africa is commonly based on maize porridge, usually made from plain maize. Low energy density of maize-porridge, linked with its low quality protein, low micronutrients and low lysine and tryptophan, make maize porridge a poor supplementary food for infants and young children. One intervention in mitigating these limitations was biofortification of maize initiated by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. The intervention involved developing maize cultivars with protein high in lysine and tryptophan, known as quality protein maize. Despite the fact that utilization of quality protein maize as part of a family diet is growing steadily in Tanzania, there is little information on the use of quality protein maize in supplementary feeding. The current study therefore, was designed to fill this gap by evaluating the efficacy of quality protein maize-based composite supplementary foods on rehabilitation of undernourishedchildren in Mvomero District. Three composite diets were prepared from quality protein maize, namely quality protein maize-soybeans; quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans- cowpeas. Two control diets were prepared from plain quality protein maize and common maize. These diets were extruded atan average temperature of 125oC with retention time of 2 minutes. The formulations were made to meet the greatest amino acid score and the desired amount of energy and fat according to the FAO/WHO (1985) recommendation for pre-school children. The third control diet (Chesta®) used for rat was made from maize, soybeans, fish, bone and blood meal. Albino rats were used in evaluating the protein
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quality of the formulations, whereas 150 children (2-5 years) were used to evaluate the rehabilitation potential of the formulations from undernutrition. Results showed that, protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores were 80% (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans), 80% (quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas), 87% (quality protein maize-soybeans), 100% (common maize alone) and 98% (quality protein maize). Baseline study of the undernourished children showed that pre-lacteal feeding was common in the study area (40%). Children were introduced to complementary foods too early (˂6 months) and plain maize porridge was the first food to be introduced. Mostchildren (57.2%, n=86) were on the lowest tercile (≤3 food groups per day) of dietary diversity score. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis revealed that, family’s source of income and breastfeeding frequency were among the factors that influenced stunting of children significantly. Other factors such as age of the child, age at introduction of complementary food, dietary diversity score ≤3 food groups, consumption of animal foods, family size and use of non- potable water were also risk factors that predicted child stunting. A randomized longitudinal study with intention to rehabilitate the undernourished children showed that, quality protein maize-based diets had positive effects (p<0.05) on weight, height, weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height Z-scores and haemoglobin concentrations but not on mid-upper arm circumference. Children consuming conventional maize porridge progressively faltered in growth with weight-for age decreasing from -1.9 to -2.1 SD, height-for age from -2.0 to -2.9 SD, weight for height from -1.2 to -1.9 SD and haemoglobin levels decreasing from 10 to 9.9 (g/dL). During the 16 weeks of rehabilitation, 68% (n=27) of children receiving quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet grew back to normal weight for age Z-score of ≤ -2SD. For children receiving quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet, 50% (n=23) of the undernourished children grew back to normal weight for age and only 19.5% (n=9) of the children receiving conventional porridge diet grew back to normal
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weight for age Z-score. Quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet had higher potential to support growth than the other diets. The growth velocities for children in various groups were 0.39 g/month for quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans, 0.28 g/month for quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and 0.13 g/month for conventional maize diets. Quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas met RDA for both energy (360 kcal) and protein (16 g) for children 2-5 years. Amino acid scores for quality protein maize-based diets were higher than the recommended amino acid scores (≥65%) for optimal growth of children. Concentrations of fumonisin B1 and total fumonisin were 1687.82 and 1717.16 μg/kg in plain quality protein maize and 1625.08 and 1745.22 μg/kg in plain common maize, respectively. These values were all above the maximum tolerable limit of 1000 μg/kg recommended by the European Commission. Consumer evaluation revealed that, quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans porridge was rated higher (p˂0.05) for aroma and taste than quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge. All the porridges (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans; quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge), were however equally acceptable (p˃0.05) by the test panel. Experimental porridge was distinguished in principal component 1 by the sensory attributes of colour, oiliness, aroma, sweetness, liking and aftertaste from the control. However, all the porridges could be described by viscosity, sweetness and colour in principal component 2. Two diets quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas showed the greatest potential for rehabilitation of undernourished children. Public awareness on the use of quality protein maize as an ingredient in making complementary food is therefore recommende
Efficacy of quality protein maize-based supplementary foods on rehabilitating undernourished Children in Mvomero District, Tanzania
No full textA THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA.Child undernutrition is a persistent problem in Africa, especially in areas where the poor largely depend on starchy staples with limited access to diverse diets. Despite the fact that Tanzania has given attention to undernutrition, the prevalence rate is still high. Inappropriate feeding practices may account for approximately one-third of undernutrition. Traditional supplementary feeding of infants and young children in Tanzania and much of Africa is commonly based on maize porridge, usually made from plain maize. Low energy density of maize-porridge, linked with its low quality protein, low micronutrients and low lysine and tryptophan, make maize porridge a poor supplementary food for infants and young children. One intervention in mitigating these limitations was biofortification of maize initiated by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. The intervention involved developing maize cultivars with protein high in lysine and tryptophan, known as quality protein maize. Despite the fact that utilization of quality protein maize as part of a family diet is growing steadily in Tanzania, there is little information on the use of quality protein maize in supplementary feeding. The current study therefore, was designed to fill this gap by evaluating the efficacy of quality protein maize-based composite supplementary foods on rehabilitation of undernourishedchildren in Mvomero District. Three composite diets were prepared from quality protein maize, namely quality protein maize-soybeans; quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans- cowpeas. Two control diets were prepared from plain quality protein maize and common maize. These diets were extruded atan average temperature of 125oC with retention time of 2 minutes. The formulations were made to meet the greatest amino acid score and the desired amount of energy and fat according to the FAO/WHO (1985) recommendation for pre-school children. The third control diet (Chesta®) used for rat was made from maize, soybeans, fish, bone and blood meal. Albino rats were used in evaluating the protein
iii
quality of the formulations, whereas 150 children (2-5 years) were used to evaluate the rehabilitation potential of the formulations from undernutrition. Results showed that, protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores were 80% (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans), 80% (quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas), 87% (quality protein maize-soybeans), 100% (common maize alone) and 98% (quality protein maize). Baseline study of the undernourished children showed that pre-lacteal feeding was common in the study area (40%). Children were introduced to complementary foods too early (˂6 months) and plain maize porridge was the first food to be introduced. Mostchildren (57.2%, n=86) were on the lowest tercile (≤3 food groups per day) of dietary diversity score. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis revealed that, family’s source of income and breastfeeding frequency were among the factors that influenced stunting of children significantly. Other factors such as age of the child, age at introduction of complementary food, dietary diversity score ≤3 food groups, consumption of animal foods, family size and use of non- potable water were also risk factors that predicted child stunting. A randomized longitudinal study with intention to rehabilitate the undernourished children showed that, quality protein maize-based diets had positive effects (p<0.05) on weight, height, weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height Z-scores and haemoglobin concentrations but not on mid-upper arm circumference. Children consuming conventional maize porridge progressively faltered in growth with weight-for age decreasing from -1.9 to -2.1 SD, height-for age from -2.0 to -2.9 SD, weight for height from -1.2 to -1.9 SD and haemoglobin levels decreasing from 10 to 9.9 (g/dL). During the 16 weeks of rehabilitation, 68% (n=27) of children receiving quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet grew back to normal weight for age Z-score of ≤ -2SD. For children receiving quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet, 50% (n=23) of the undernourished children grew back to normal weight for age and only 19.5% (n=9) of the children receiving conventional porridge diet grew back to normal
iv
weight for age Z-score. Quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet had higher potential to support growth than the other diets. The growth velocities for children in various groups were 0.39 g/month for quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans, 0.28 g/month for quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and 0.13 g/month for conventional maize diets. Quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas met RDA for both energy (360 kcal) and protein (16 g) for children 2-5 years. Amino acid scores for quality protein maize-based diets were higher than the recommended amino acid scores (≥65%) for optimal growth of children. Concentrations of fumonisin B1 and total fumonisin were 1687.82 and 1717.16 μg/kg in plain quality protein maize and 1625.08 and 1745.22 μg/kg in plain common maize, respectively. These values were all above the maximum tolerable limit of 1000 μg/kg recommended by the European Commission. Consumer evaluation revealed that, quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans porridge was rated higher (p˂0.05) for aroma and taste than quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge. All the porridges (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans; quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge), were however equally acceptable (p˃0.05) by the test panel. Experimental porridge was distinguished in principal component 1 by the sensory attributes of colour, oiliness, aroma, sweetness, liking and aftertaste from the control. However, all the porridges could be described by viscosity, sweetness and colour in principal component 2. Two diets quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas showed the greatest potential for rehabilitation of undernourished children. Public awareness on the use of quality protein maize as an ingredient in making complementary food is therefore recommende
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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