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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
On the nature of the natural referent vowel bias
No full textThere is considerable debate in the phonetic sciences concerning the nature of the information that is critical for speech perception, and the nature of the processing mechanisms that map the relevant signal properties onto phonetic categories. In the domain of vowel perception, research has shown that the mapping between the speech signal and phonetic structure is non-uniform, in that perceivers (both adult and infant) are universally biased toward the extremes of articulatory/acoustic space (peripheral in F1/F2 space; Polka & Bohn, 2003, 2011). Much of the evidence for this bias comes from studies showing that perceivers consistently discriminate vowels in an asymmetric manner. More precisely, perceivers perform better at detecting a change from a relatively less (e.g., /e/) to a relatively more peripheral vowel (e.g., /i/), compared to the same change presented in the reverse direction. Although the existence of this perceptual phenomenon (i.e., the natural referent vowel [NRV] bias) is well established, the mechanisms and processes that underlie it are poorly understood. One account of the NRV bias, which derives from the Dispersion–Focalization Theory (Schwartz, Abry, Boë, Ménard, & Vallée, 2005), is that extreme vocalic articulations give rise to speech signals that exhibit increased spectral salience due to formant frequency convergence, or "focalization." This dissertation presents a series of experiments aimed at assessing whether adult perceivers are indeed sensitive to differences in formant proximity while discriminating vowel stimuli that fall within a given category, and, if so, whether that sensitivity is attributable to general properties of auditory processing, or to phonetic processes that extract articulatory information available across sensory modalities. In Experiment 1, English- and French-speaking perceivers showed directional asymmetries consistent with the focalization account as they attempted to discriminate synthetic /u/ variants that systematically differed in their peripherality and hence degree of formant proximity (between F1 and F2). In Experiment 2, similar directional effects were found when English perceivers attempted to discriminate natural /u/ productions that differed in their peripherality when only acoustic-phonetic or only visual-phonetic information was present. Experiment 3 investigated whether and how the integration of acoustic and visual speech cues influences the effects documented in Experiment 2. When acoustic and visual cues were phonetically-congruent, an NRV bias was observed. In contrast, when acoustic and visual cues were phonetically-incongruent, this bias was disrupted, confirming that both sensory channels shape this bias in bimodal auditory-visual vowel perception. Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of the sensory and cognitive processes that are fundamental to the mapping between the speech signal and vowel categories. In particular, they suggest that perceivers are universally biased to attend to extreme vocalic gestures specified optically, in terms of articulatory kinematic patterns, as well as acoustically, in terms of formant convergence patterns. A complete understanding of this bias is not only important to speech perception theories, but provides a critical basis for the study of phonetic development as well as the perceptual factors that may constrain vowel inventories across languages.Un débat considérable dans le domaine des sciences phonétiques entoure la nature de l'information pertinente à la perception de la parole et la nature des mécanismes de processus transformant les propriétés des signaux en catégories phonétiques. Dans le domaine de la perception des voyelles, les recherches démontrent que la relation entre le signal de parole et la structure phonétique est déformée, en ce sens que les auditeurs (les adultes comme les nourrissons) sont universellement biaisés à porter attention aux voyelles dotées de propriétés articulatoires / acoustiques extrêmes (en périphérie de l'espace F1/F2; Polka & Bohn, 2003, 2011). Une preuve importante de ce biais provient d'études qui démontrent que les auditeurs discriminent les voyelles de manière asymétrique. Plus précisément, les auditeurs réussissent mieux à détecter un changement d'une voyelle relativement moins périphérique (par exemple, /e/) à une voyelle relativement plus périphérique (par exemple, /i/), comparativement à la même variation dans le sens inverse. Bien que l'existence de ce phénomène perceptif (c.-à-d. le biais de la voyelle référent naturel [VNR]) soit bien établie, les mécanismes et les processus qui le régissent sont mal compris. Une explication du VNR, qui découle de la théorie de la dispersion-focalisation (Schwartz et al., 1997, 2005), est que les articulations vocaliques extrêmes - comme /i/, /a/ et /u/ - donnent naissance à des signaux de parole particulièrement saillant spectralement en raison de la fréquence de convergence des formants, ou «focalisation». Cette thèse présente une série d'études visant à évaluer si les auditeurs sont sensibles aux différences de proximité des formants tout en discriminant le stimulus vocalique qui relève de la même catégorie phonétique, et dans ce cas, si cette sensibilité est attribuable aux propriétés générales de traitement auditif, ou à des processus phonétiques qui opèrent en termes de propriétés articulatoires. Dans l'étude 1, les auditeurs anglophones et francophones ont démontré des asymétries directionnelles en accord avec les prédictions de la focalisation lorsqu'ils tentaient de discriminer des variantes synthétiques de /u/ qui étaient systématiquement différentes dans leur périphérie et, par conséquent, dans le degré de proximité des formants (entre F1 et F2). Dans l'étude 2, des effets directionnels similaires ont été observés lorsque les auditeurs ont tenté de discriminer les réalisations naturelles de /u/ qui diffèrent dans leur périphérie seulement lors que l'information acoustique ou visuelle de parole était présente. L'étude 3 a étudié comment l'intégration des indices acoustiques vocaux et visuels influencent les effets documentés dans l'étude 2. Lorsque des signaux acoustiques et visuels étaient phonétiquement conformes, un biais de VNR a été observé. En revanche, lorsque les repères visuels et acoustiques étaient phonétiquement incongrus, ce biais était perturbé, ce qui confirme que les deux voies sensorielles créent ce biais dans la perception audiovisuelle. De façon globale, ces résultats améliorent notre compréhension des processus sensoriels et cognitifs qui sont essentiels au lien entre les propriétés des signaux et les catégories phonétiques. En particulier, ils suggèrent que les auditeurs sont prédisposés à détecter des signes vocaliques extrêmes visuellement spécifiés, en termes de modèles articulatoires cinématiques, ainsi qu'acoustiques, en termes de convergence de formants. Une compréhension complète de ce biais est non seulement importante pour les théories de la perception de la parole, mais elle fournit également une base crucial pour l'étude du développement phonétique ainsi que pour les éléments perceptuels qui pourraient restreindre les inventaires de voyelles à travers les langues
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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