1,721,249 research outputs found
Income-(in)dependent equivalence scales and inequality measurement
No full textThis text is a condensed and improved version of our working paper "Income Dependent Equivalence Scales, Inequality, and Poverty", CESifo Working Paper 5568, co-authored by Jan Marvin Garbuszus, Notburga Ott, and Martin Werding. Also provided is the code which allows to replicate both the current and the old version of the paper
Income-(in)dependent equivalence scales and inequality measurement
No full textThis text is a condensed and improved version of our working paper "Income Dependent Equivalence Scales, Inequality, and Poverty", CESifo Working Paper 5568, co-authored by Jan Marvin Garbuszus, Notburga Ott, and Martin Werding. Also provided is the code which allows to replicate both the current and the old version of the paper
Debate about Pensions — Reply and Response
No full textAbstract In its June 2020 issue, Wirtschaftsdienst published an article entitled „Beitragsfinanzierung im ‚demografiegestressten‘ Rentensystem möglich“ by Ernst Niemeier. Martin Werding takes a different view in a reply, and Ernst Niemeier explains his point of view in a response
How do Migrants Choose their Destination Country? An Analysis of Institutional Determinants
Get PDFFor a long time, migration has been subject to intensive economic research. Nevertheless, empirical evidence regarding the determinants of migration still appears to be incomplete. In this paper, we analyze the effects of socio-economic and institutional determinants, especially labor-market institutions, on migrants' choices. Based on a large data set constructed from micro-data for France, Germany, the UK and the US, we study their decisions to migrate to one of the four countries using a Multinomial Choice framework. Our estimates confirm a number of conventional results such as positive effects of wages and immigrant networks and negative effects of unemployment rates. In addition, we find that employment protection, union coverage and unemployment benefits have positive effects on migration. Also good education and health systems tend to attract migrants, while generous pension systems may deter them. Based on separate estimations for high- and low-skilled migrants, there is evidence that the effects of labor-market institutions differ across skill groups.migration, labour-market institutions, micro-data, Multinomial Choice
Second-best Properties of Implicit Social Security Taxes: Theory and Empirical Evidence
Get PDFThis paper investigates the inter-temporal structure of implicit taxes that arise in unfunded pension schemes. We demonstrate that these tax rates are declining over the life cycle. Using German micro-data for men and married women we estimate periodic wage elasticities of labour supply in order to check the second-best properties of this timing of tax rates. An efficient taxation would require to decrease the excessive implicit taxes for married women and to implement an inversely "J-shaped" tax profile for male workers. This result contradicts the standard proposal to smooth the profile of implicit tax rates across the individual life cyclepublic pensions, labour supply, optimal taxation
Ageing and Fiscal Imbalances Across Generations: Concepts of Measurement
Get PDFIn the literature, several approaches have been taken to measure the impact of demographic ageing on public pension schemes, with particular attention being paid to potential fiscal imbalances across the generations involved in demographic transition. In this paper, we review three of these measures - viz., “net pension liabilities” and “general government fiscal balances” as suggested by the OECD, as well as “generational accounting” in the Auerbach- Kotlikoff tradition. We show how these approaches are related to each other by the general idea that unfunded pensions create an implicit public debt, and we discuss the problems involved in applying and interpreting them in a real-world context. In addition, we suggest the “implicit tax” entailed in public pensions as a further concept for measuring the inter-generational distribution of burdens arising in ageing populations. The notion of an implicit tax is straightforward from simple pension algebra; it is easy to interpret in a theoretical perspective; and it can be introduced to various kinds of applied work using micro-level data.demographic ageing, public pensions, fiscal policy, inter-generational redistribution, measurement
Neue Regeln für Hartz IV: Was ist aus dem Verfassungsgerichtsurteil zu lernen?
Get PDFNach dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts müssen die Regelsätze für Hartz-IV-Empfänger neu berechnet werden. Wolfgang Franz, Zentrum für Europäische Wirt-schaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim, stellt klar, dass die Tragweite des Urteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in »umgekehrtem Verhältnis zur medialen Aufmerksam-keit« steht. Von einer Neubestimmung des Sozialstaats könne keine Rede sein. Auch liefere das Urteil keine Basis für generelle Anhebungen der Regelsätze. Richard Hauser, ehemals Universität Frankfurt am Main, sieht die große Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass das Urteil zu einem höheren Regelsatz für Kinder führen wird, und diskutiert die Frage, ob man »mit Gutscheinen dem in der Öffentlichkeit geäußerten Verdacht begegnen kann, dass höhere Kinderregelsätze von den Eltern abgeschöpft würden«. Nach Ansicht von Joachim Möller, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Nürnberg, hat das Bundesverfassungsgericht ein »umsichtiges, ausgewogenes und nachvollziehbares Ur-teil« getroffen. Es stelle keineswegs den Kern der Hartz-IV-Reform in Frage, sondern fordere, Mängel in seiner Ausführung und Umsetzung abzustellen. Und auch Martin Werding, Universität Bochum, betont, dass das Verfassungsgericht in seinem Urteil keine Fundamentalkritik an der Reform geübt habe. Es stelle weder den Charakter der nach diesem Gesetz gewährten Leistungen als auf die Sicherung des Existenzminimums ausgelegte Grundsicherung in Frage noch das damit verbundene Ziel einer stärkeren Aktivierung erwerbsfähiger Leistungsbezieher. Heinz Buschkowsky, Bezirksbürger-meister Berlin-Neukölln, befürwortet, dass sich das Gericht sehr eingehend mit der Re-gelsatzberechnung für Kinder auseinandergesetzt habe. Deshalb müsse insbesondere bei den Kindern die Politik Hausaufgaben machen.Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Sozialrecht, Arbeitslosenversicherung, Ökonomischer Anreiz, Deutschland, Hartz-Reform
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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