1,720,976 research outputs found
Ethical Aspects of Human Embryo Collections: A Historically Grounded Approach to the Blechschmidt Collection at the University of Göttingen
No full textErgebnisse und Empfehlungen des Provenienzforschungsprojektes
No full textDer Wissenschaftshistoriker Michael Markert untersuchte von 08/2017 bis 07/2019 die Herkunft der 430 Schnittserien menschlicher Embryonen und Föten in der sogenannten „Humanembryologischen Dokumentationssammlung Blechschmidt“. Diese Präparate waren Grundlage für das wissenschaftliche Lebenswerk des Anatomen Erich Blechschmidt (1904-1992), der von 1942 bis 1974 das Anatomische Institut der Universität Göttingen leitete. Aufgabe des gemeinsam von Zentraler Kustodie, Zentrum Anatomie und Medizinischer Fakultät finanzierten Projektes war es, eine umfassende Dokumentation der Schnittserien, ihrer Gewinnung, Integration in die Sammlung und nicht zuletzt Nutzung vorzulegen. Der vorliegende Text bündelt die zentralen Projektergebnisse.From 08/2017 to 07/2019 historian of science Michael Markert did research on the provenance of the 430 series of microscopic slides of human embryos and fetuses that are part of the “Human Embryology Collection” at the Centre of Anatomy of the University of Göttingen. The collection was built up by Erich Blechschmidt (1904 to 1992), head of the Anatomical Institute from 1942 to 1972. Blechschmidt himself never gave minute and specific information on the acquisition of the specimens. The purpose of the conducted research project was to examine all relevant archival evidence on the specimens, their sourcing, integration into the collection and use for research and education. This document is a synopsis of the project outcome
The Biography of Specimen "09.04.1954, 3.4 mm" from the "Blechschmidt Collection of Human Embryos" at Göttingen University with a Special Focus on the Production and Usage of Enlarged 3D Replicas of Embryos in the Anatomical Research on Human Embryos
No full textThe "Blechschmidt Collection of Human Embryos" housed at the Anatomical Institute of Göttingen University (Germany) is an important historical collection of human embryo specimens whose history dates back up to the mid-1940s. It is named after its founder Prof. Erich Blechschmidt (1904-1992). A 2-year research project was conducted from 2017 to 2019 with the aim of clarifying the provenience of the human embryo specimens collected by Blechschmidt. This project not only has provided information on the origin of the specimens but, additionally, led to the discovery of photographic documents illustrating the process by which Blechschmidt built the enlarged 3-dimensional replicas of human embryos that are shown in a dedicated exhibition hall in the basement of the Anatomical Institute. Here, we report on an embryo from the Blechschmidt collection whose biography as a microscopical specimen as well as a source for objects of Blechschmidt's collection of 3-dimensional replicas of human embryos is documented by letters, lab-books, and photographs. Our report is complemented by a short historical review on the production and usage of enlarged 3-dimensional replicas in research on the anatomy of human embryo
Modelled Development. Practices of Human Embryology at Göttingen University in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
No full textZusammenfassung
Die Humanembryologische Dokumentationssammlung Blechschmidt, entstanden an der Universität Göttingen im Zeitraum von 1942 bis etwa 1970, stellt eine einmalige Kombination histologischer Schnittserien menschlicher Embryonen und darauf aufbauender, großformatiger und öffentlich zugänglicher Modelle dar. Nicht nur erfolgte diese Sammlungsgründung für die Disziplin der Humanembryologie erstaunlich spät, sondern ist auch in einer zweiten Hinsicht bemerkenswert: Während an anderen Standorten Modelle primär als Forschungsobjekte verstanden wurden und mit einem Lehreinsatz eine Umnutzung stattfand, war für den Göttinger Embryologen Erich Blechschmidt (1904–1992) von Beginn an ein pädagogischer Impetus maßgeblich. Im Beitrag werden die eigenwilligen Merkmale der Blechschmidt’schen Unternehmung vor ihrem disziplinären Hintergrund herausgearbeitet. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf den beiden für die Humanembryologie zentralen Praktiken des Sammelns und Modellierens und den dadurch in Göttingen geschaffenen Objektbeständen. Diese waren schon im Entstehungsprozess von einem besonderen Spannungsverhältnis von Individualität und Universalität geprägt, das sich auch in der späteren Nutzung der Sammlung spiegelt. Diese führt durch eine spezifische Individualisierung zuvor anonym gemachter Präparate weit aus der ursprünglichen fachwissenschaftlich-anatomischen Bestimmung in die breite gesellschaftliche Debatte um den ethischen Status menschlicher Embryonen und den Schwangerschaftsabbruch.Abstract The Human Embryology Collection at the Centre of Anatomy Göttingen, created between 1942 and 1970, represents a unique interrelation of histological sectional series of human embryos and large-format physical models open to the public based on them. The collection was established long after the heyday of human embryology. It is also remarkable in another aspect: while usually models within the discipline are considered research objects, Göttingen embryologist Erich Blechschmidt (1904–1992) based his understanding on a pedagogical impetus. The article highlights the distinctive and unconventional features of Blechschmidt’s undertaking against its disciplinary background. My focus lies on the two practices that are central to human embryology—collecting and modelling—, as well as the derived collection stocks. The special tension between individuality and universality that already characterized the process of their creation is also reflected in the later use of the collection. This tension allowed Blechschmidt to utilize the models in embryological research and anatomical teaching as well as in the broad social debate on abortion and the ethical status of human embryos.Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018
Die sog. Osiandermappe des Göttinger Geburtshelfers Friedrich Benjamin Osiander (1759–1822)
No full textDie sog. Osiandermappe ist ein Konvolut aus Zeichnungen, Druckgrafiken und Schriftstücken aus dem Nachlass Friedrich Benjamin Osianders (1759–1822), der von 1792 bis zu seinem Tod Professor der Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe sowie Leiter der „Königlichen Entbindungs-Anstalt“ an der Universität Göttingen war. Die nachgelassene Osiandermappe zählt heute zum Bestand der Göttinger Universitäts-Frauenklinik und ist im Institut für Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin in den medizingeschichtlichen Sammlungen aufbewahrt. Die gesammelten Blätter weisen verschiedene Druck-, Mal- und Zeichentechniken auf und zeigen überwiegend Darstellungen, die die Geburtsmedizin und die vergleichende Tieranatomie betreffen. Die Abbildungen sind überwiegend von Osiander selbst und von dem durch ihn beauftragten Göttinger Künstler und späteren Universitätszeichner Christian Andreas Besemann (1760–1818) angefertigt worden. Die vorliegende Abschlussarbeit geht anhand der umfangreichen Erschließung der Osiandermappe als Sammlungsgegenstand der Frage nach, inwieweit die in ihr gesammelten Zeichnungen und Druckgrafiken wichtige Zeugnisse für Osianders wissenschaftliche (Lehr-)Praxis darstellen und inwieweit dabei Aussagen über seine Sammlungs-, Forschungs- und Lehrpraxis getroffen werden können. Die Osiandermappe samt Inhalt wird dabei zum einen als Sammlungsobjekt beforscht und grundlegend erschlossen. Zum anderen werden auf Basis dieser Erschließung die in ihr befindlichen Abbildungen exemplarisch herausgegriffen und als wirkmächtige, wissenschaftliche Abbildungen für und innerhalb von Osianders (Lehr-)Praxis diskutiert.The so-called 'Osiandermappe' is a collection of drawings, prints and documents from the estate of Friedrich Benjamin Osiander (1759-1822), who was professor of gynaecology and obstetrics and director of the ‘Königliche Entbindungs-Anstalt’ at the University of Göttingen from 1792 until his death. The bequeathed 'Osiandermappe' is now part of the holdings of the Göttingen University Women's Clinic and is kept in the Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine in the medical history collections. The collected papers feature various printing, painting and drawing techniques and mainly show illustrations relating to obstetrics and comparative animal anatomy. Most of the illustrations were made by Osiander himself and by the Göttingen artist and later university draughtsman Christian Andreas Besemann (1760-1818), who was commissioned by Osiander. Based on the extensive cataloguing of the 'Osiandermappe' as a collection item, this thesis examines the extent to which the drawings and prints collected in it represent important evidence of Osiander's scientific (teaching) practice and the extent to which statements can be made about his collecting, research and teaching practice. On the one hand, the 'Osiandermappe' and its contents will be researched and analysed as a collection object. On the other hand, on the basis of this cataloguing, the illustrations in it are selected as examples and discussed as powerful, scientific illustrations for and within Osiander's (teaching) practice
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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