161 research outputs found
Biodistance Analysis of North and South American Populations
No full textThis project was awarded third place in "History of People and Art" at the 2018 Richard J. And Martha D. Denman Undergraduate Research ForumArchaeological evidence suggests that humans were already present in both North and South America by 12.5-11.5 kyr BP. However, the number of waves and routes from Asia are much debated, and the early (~12 kya) settlement in Brazil bring into question previous ideas about human migration into the region. Given the debate surrounding this topic, it is important to understand the genetic diversity between North and South Americans. In this project, I used biodistance analysis to explore the cranial morphological variation observed in the New World, and how this variation is structured between the two American continents. Human craniometrics data from previous studies (Hanihara, 1996; Herrera, et al., 2017; Hubbe, et al., 2014; Hubbe, et al., 2015; Neves et al., 2013) was used to create a detailed understanding of the biological variation of the region. These data cover populations in North America (USA and Mexico) and South America (Brazil, Colombia, and Peru), as well as comparative series from Asia and Australo- Melanesia. Results show that Atlantic South America exhibits the highest Fst value (0.15) out of all groups analyzed. Whereas the Andean (0.068), North Americans (0.07), and East Asian (0.077) populations have the lowest Fst values. These findings reveal high genetic diversity of South American groups and calls into question the validity of grouping North and South Americans in genetic studies.This project was funded by a scholarship from the Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences Honors undergraduate Research Scholarship.No embargoAcademic Major: Anthropolog
Dataset on the dental morphology and occlusal dental wear of pre-colonial societies of the South and Southeast Coast of Brazil
No full textThis dataset compiles information on dental morphology and occlusal dental wear of 431 individuals exhumed from coastal and riverine sites of the South and Southeast Coast of Brazil, dated between approximately 10,000 to 1,000 years before present. Dental traits were scored according to the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) (Scott and Irish, 2017; Turner II et al., 1991). Few additional mandibular traits were added following Hauser and Stefano (1989). Occlusal dental wear was scored according to the method described in Smith (1984).
Sex and age at death estimations derive from previous studies (Estevam, 2020; Fischer, 2012; Neves et al., 2005; Silva, 2005; Tognoli, 2016; Wesolowski, 2007). When this information was not available from previous studies, it was assessed by the first author (Fidalgo, 2021) using standard protocol methods (Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994). Further detailed information and description of each variable can be consulted within the “description” and “dental grades” sheets in the excel file.
The dataset is part of a PhD project developed at the Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo, carried by Daniel Fidalgo and advised by Veronica Wesolowski and Mark Hubbe (Fidalgo, 2021). Manuscripts have already been published using this data (Fidalgo et al., 2021a, 2021b). All research was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), grants 17/20637-4 and 19/18289-3. It was also supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) grant 001
What Makes Us Human: Anthropology Public Outreach at COSI
No full textAs anthropologists, we strive to answer questions related to being human. These questions bridge the gap between science and the humanities. They challenge us to think about our origins and our biases, and they ask us to place ourselves in the shoes of people from all around the world. Even though anthropology touches so many aspects of our lives, it is rarely discussed outside the college classroom. One of the goals of the Anthropology Public Outreach Program (APOP), a part of Ohio State's anthropology department, is to rectify this issue by bringing anthropology into communities around Columbus, Ohio, so everyone can explore what it means to be human. APOP offers a collection of anthropology-themed educational experiences on portable carts, which our volunteers facilitate at our community partner, the Center of Science and Industry (COSI). The cart activities cover aspects of comparative morphology, human evolution, archaeology, and cultural anthropology. We aim to engage people from all ages and backgrounds, be they children, students, parents, or teachers. Our activities offer interactive opportunities for participants to engage with different aspects of human diversity, from our remote past to the present in such a way that knowledge can be constructed from individual points of view and life experiences. All activities use self-driven discovery, participation, and hands-on learning as their primary teaching tools with the goal of building understanding of the cultural and biological diversity of our species. APOP's mission is to help broaden people's perspectives of what it means to be human by challenging participants to consider different perspectives on subjects related to human biological and cultural diversity, both in the past and present. Our goals closely intersect with COSI's mission "for those of all ages to discover more about our environment, our accomplishments, our heritage, and ourselves." By working with COSI, we mutually benefit by sharing resources for a collective impact. In addition, our student volunteers gain experience teaching their passion, engaging with the public, and performing a community service. The perceptions individuals have of human diversity and cultural variation play an important role in shaping events on local, regional, national, and international scales in the face of changing social conditions.AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Mark Hubbe, associate professor, Ohio State Department of Anthropology, [email protected] (Corresponding Author); Alexandra Tuggle, graduate teaching associate, Ohio State Department of Anthropology; John Osborn, floor faculty manager, COSIThe mission of the Anthropology Public Outreach Program (APOP) at Ohio State is to help broaden people's perspectives of what it means to be human by challenging participants to consider different perspectives related to human biological and cultural diversity, both in the past and present. We believe in the power of ideas, scientific inquiry, and self-discovery. APOP offers a collection of anthropology-themed educational experiences on portable carts, which our volunteers facilitate at our community partner, the Center of Science and Industry (COSI). Our goals closely intersect with COSI's mission "for those of all ages to discover more about our environment, our accomplishments, our heritage, and ourselves." Our activities offer interactive opportunities for participants of all ages to engage with different aspects of human diversity, from our remote past to the present in such a way that knowledge can be constructed from individual points of view and life experiences
Disparate and parallel craniofacial climatic adaptations in native populations of Asia, North America, and South America
No full textUnderstanding the impact that climate had in shaping cranial variation is critical for inferring the evolutionary mechanisms that played a role in human diversification. Here, we provide a comprehensive study aiming to analyze the association between climate and cranial variation of high latitude populations living in temperate to cold environments of Asia, North America, and South America. For this, we compiled a large morphometric dataset (N = 2633), which was combined with climatic and genomic data. We tested the influence of climate on the facial skeleton, nasal protrusion, and cranial vault and through multiple statistical tests at two geographical scales: intracontinental and intercontinental. We show that populations living in cold areas share a morphological pattern characterized by an increase in nasal height, facial and orbital heights and widths, a decrease in facial protrusion, and larger, longer, and lower cranial vaults. There are also distinctive features; populations from north Asia present the tallest noses, largest faces, and cranial vaults of the whole sample. Nasal breadth dimensions show small values in Asians, large values in South Americans, and non-significant changes in arctic North America. The morphological pattern in populations living at high latitude may be the result of parallel adaptation, as supported by physiological, morphometric, ecological, and genetic explanations, while the differences in magnitude and phenotypic expression could be due to the diverse population histories, severity of climate, and cultural strategies. Overall, our study shows that climate is a relevant factor shaping modern human morphology and it should be considered when studying modern human evolution and diversification
Diet and Dental Health: Differential Diets of the Middle Horizon (CE 400-1000) in San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile
No full textThis research utilizes dental health data from three archaeological sites from the Middle Horizon (AD 400-1000) period in the Atacama oases of northern Chile: Coyo 3, Quitor 6, Solcor 3 elite, and Solcor 3 non-elite. The Middle Horizon is characterized in the Andes by the establishment of the Tiwanaku State, which exerted political and economic influence in much of the South-Central Andes, which is explored here using the two Solcor 3 sites. In this thesis, I analyze the aspects of oral health of the population using the prevalence of dental caries, abscesses, tooth loss, and occlusal wear. I calculated the frequency of each type of dental pathology for males, females, and the total population for different parts of the dental arcade, to test if there are significant differences in oral health, and therefore in dietary practices, between the sites. The dental arcade was divided into six sections: anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, right, and left. Then, using statistical tests of Chi-Square and Analysis of Variance, I tested for significant differences between each section and between sexes. I found that there was a significant difference in total presence of dental pathological conditions throughout the entire dental arcade between males and females at all sites, showing a possible difference in diet between the sexes. In addition, all sites had significant differences between the posterior and anterior sections of the dental arcade and two sites, Coyo 3 and Quitor 6, had significant differences between the superior and inferior sections of the dental arcade when all dental conditions were considered. The Solcor 3 Pre-Tiwanaku and Solcor 3 Tiwanaku individuals had similar rates of abscesses and antemortem tooth loss, but significantly different rates of caries, possibly suggesting a change in diet after the establishment of the Tiwanaku state.No embargoAcademic Major: Anthropological Science
Variation in the Cranial Morphology of Hominin Specimens: Geographic Distinctions
No full textMorphological variation has been widely used to identify differences between hominins and define their species. Despite this accumulated work, there is little consensus regarding the definition of most hominin species, which has significantly impacted our understanding of hominin relationships. Therefore, it is important to better contextualize the morphological variation seen among hominin fossil crania, to better understand species morphological boundaries and evaluate the significance of geographic dispersion within species. To explore hominin morphological variation, we collected 29 cranial linear measurements from 162 specimens from the literature. We excluded specimens and variables with more than 35% of missing values, resulting in 111 specimens and 17 measurements, divided into 15 species. The Homo species were further divided by geographic regions, resulting in 24 groups. We used linear discriminant analysis to explore morphological affinities among species and groups. The results show significant overlap between late Homo species irrespective of their geographic regions. Paranthropus and Australopithecus are distinct from late Homo, and H. habilis and rudolfensis occupy intermediary positions. The similarities in cranial morphological measurements observed within Homo across geographic boundaries support a greater need for broad species definition within the genus, with relatively small morphological changes among them. Nevertheless, Homo habilis and rudolfensis are clearly distinct from other Homo species, and our results support the separation of the Paranthropus and Australopithecus genera. These results are relevant to discuss the validity of species nomenclatures adopted in the past, given that over 70 different species names have been suggested for hominin fossils in the past.A one-year embargo was granted for this item.Academic Major: Anthropological SciencesAcademic Major: Histor
The Accuracy of Age Estimation Using Transition Analysis in the Hamann-Todd Collection
No full textTrying to reconstruct the demographic parameters of past populations using skeletal data is challenging for several reasons. First, skeletal traits are proxy to biological age, which does not always reflect chronological age. Second, different parts of the skeleton age at different rates, making age estimation problematic when based on methods that only incorporate a few anatomical features. A proposed solution to address this limitation is transition analysis (TA), a multifactorial method of age estimation that incorporates information from the pubic symphysis, iliac auricular area, and cranial sutures. However, despite its methodological refinement, TA has been shown to have varying degrees of accuracy when applied to different known-age skeletal samples. This thesis contributes to the discussion about TA's accuracy by estimating the age for 221 individuals from the Hamann-Todd Collection. We contrasted the maximum likelihood estimates generated through TA to the known ages, and analyzed the absolute error for the entire sample, as well as according to sex and ancestry. Estimates show an average absolute error of 11.6 (SD=10.3) years, with white individuals' average absolute errors (14.1 years) being significantly higher than black individuals' (9.1 years; Independent Samples T-Test p<0.001). There are no significant differences in the absolute errors between sexes (males = 11.2; females = 12.1; Independent Samples T-Test p=0.526). A weak to moderate positive correlation was found between known age and absolute error for white males (R2=0.3688; p<0.001), white females (R2=0.2590; p<0.001), and black males (R2=0.1379; p=0.006). The accuracy of transition analysis age estimates varied when each anatomical region was analyzed independently, but the combination of all three anatomical regions yielded the most accurate age estimates. These findings further support that TA accuracy depends on the prior distribution used and that in the case of the Hamann-Todd Collection, the accuracy for white individuals is more influenced by this limitation than when black individuals are analyzed.No embargoAcademic Major: Anthropological Science
Quantification of Maxillary Dental Arcade Curvature and Implications for Estimating Ancestry in Forensic Anthropology
No full textBest Undergraduate Writing AwardPrevious studies show that palate shape can be used as an indicator of biological ancestry in the identification of modern human remains. Qualitative analyses suggest that individuals of African, European, and Indigenous American ancestry tend to have hyperbolic, parabolic, and elliptical-shaped palates, respectively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interobserver error in ancestry estimation using the shapes outlined in previous studies. This study also explores shape variation in the Gullah African American and Seminole Indigenous populations using the geometric morphometric analysis of maxillary dental casts. The first phase of this study was composed of a survey in which ten graduate students with training in osteology were asked to ascribe biological ancestry to twenty-nine maxillary dental casts from the Gullah and Seminole samples from the Renee M. Menegaz-Bock Dental Anthropology Collection. The results show that the palate shape is not an effective indicator of ancestry in these populations. The mean classification accuracy for the survey was only 27.9% (p-value= 0.58), indicating that the likelihood of assigning the correct ancestry to a given cast using palate shape was not much higher than random assignment. In the second part of the study, Discriminant Function Analysis correctly classified only 72.2% (n=158) of the sample. Additionally, there were no significant differences in size or curvature between the two groups. This study is important for the field of forensic anthropology because it provides a quantitative evaluation of a traditional qualitative method used in the identification of human remains, which ensures that anthropological methods continue to meet legal standards for evidence.A two-year embargo was granted for this item.Academic Major: Anthropolog
Correction to: Integrity of dural closure after autologous platelet rich fibrin augmentation: an in vitro study
No full textThe article “Integrity of dural closure after autologous platelet rich fibrin augmentation: an in vitro study”, written by Vasilikos, I., Beck, J., Ghanaati, S., Grauvogel, J., Nisyrios, T., Grapatsas, K., and Hubbe, U., was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 162, issue 4, page 737–743 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL
A new early Holocene human skeleton from Brazil: implications for the settlement of the New World
No full textIncreasing skeletal evidence from the U.S.A., Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil strongly suggests that the first settlers in the Americas had a cranial morphology distinct from that displayed by most late and modern Native Americans. The Paleoamerican morphological pattern is more generalized and can be seen today among Africans, Australians, and Melanesians. Here, we present the results of a comparative morphological assessment of a late Paleoindian/early archaic specimen from Capelinha Burial II, southern Brazil. The Capelinha skull was compared with samples of four Paleoindian groups from South and Central America and worldwide modern groups from W.W. Howells’ studies. In both analyses performed (classical morphometrics and geometric morphometrics), the results show a clear association between Capelinha Burial II and the Paleoindians, as well as Australians, Melanesians, and Africans, confirming its Paleoamerican status.Fil: Neves, Walter A.. Universidad de San Pablo; BrasilFil: Hubbe, Mark. Universidad de San Pablo; BrasilFil: Okumura, Maria Mercedes M.. Universidad de San Pablo; BrasilFil: González José, Rolando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Figuti, Levy. Universidad de San Pablo; BrasilFil: Eggers, Sabine. Universidad de San Pablo; BrasilFil: De Blasis, Paulo Antonio Dantas. Universidad de San Pablo; Brasi
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