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Celebrating the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration program: 75 years of conservation and partnership success
No full textSeventy-five years of successful
wildlife management is the
remarkable legacy of the
Pittman-Robertson Wildlife
Restoration Act, and the cause
of our 75th celebration. Along
with the Dingell-Johnson Sport
Fish Restoration Act, it is the
foundation of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service’s (USFWS)
Wildlife and Sport Fish
Restoration Program (WSFR)
and a cornerstone of the North
American model of fish and
wildlife management – a model
venerated for its principles,
celebrated for its performance,
and embraced for its promise
for the future. The two Acts
mark the triumph of American
conservation, founded on public
ownership of wildlife, reliance on
partnerships, and commitment
to preserve our natural heritage.U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
75 years of Conservation and Partnership Success
Celebrating the Wildlife and
Sport Fish Restoration Program
ii Celebrating the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program
Foreword
In the middle of the Great
Depression in 1937, America faced
an unprecedented environmental
crisis. The Dust Bowl afflicted
much of the nation’s heartland.
Unwise development ravaged
millions of acres of wetlands and
other vital wildlife habitat, and
many species were near extinction.
In response to this crisis, the
nation’s sportsmen successfully
lobbied Congress to pass what
is arguably the most effective
conservation law in history -- the
Pittman-Robertson Wildlife
Restoration Act.
In effect, sportsmen selflessly
convinced Congress to tax them
to fund conservation. The Act
established an excise tax on
firearms, ammunition and archery
equipment that is apportioned to
states to support the conservation
mission of their fish and wildlife
agencies. Along with the Dingell-
Johnson Sport Fish Restoration
Act passed in 1950 to establish a
similar tax on fishing and boating
equipment, the law ensures a
permanent, dedicated source of
conservation funding. It is widely
recognized as having provided the
foundation for professional wildlife
management at both the state and
federal level.
As we celebrate the 75th
anniversary of this landmark
law, President Obama and his
administration are building on
this great foundation through
the America’s Great Outdoors
initiative. In partnership with
communities across the country,
we are seeking to establish a
conservation ethic for the 21st
century and to reconnect people,
especially young people, to the
natural world.
For three generations, Pittman-
Robertson has served as a model
of conservation partnership.
Let us celebrate its success.
Let us also seek to build new
partnerships that will ensure
the health of our land, our
water and our wildlife and
provide opportunities for future
generations to enjoy them.
Foreword iii
Secretary of the Interior, Ken Salazar
Credit: DOI/Tami A. Heilman
iv Celebrating the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program
equipment manufacturers who pay
an excise tax on the equipment
they produce as well as the millions
of sportsmen and -women who
effectively pay that tax through the
purchase of equipment to hunt,
fish, shoot and boat, or otherwise
enjoy the great American outdoors
and our wildlife heritage.
The funds collected provide
the very foundation of wildlife
management in this country. They
are dispersed to the various state
wildlife agencies, through the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
and complement the funding
from the sale of hunting and
fishing licenses. They also provide
critical funding for vital habitat
enhancement projects proposed
by the states. This approach,
born of the Dust Bowl days and
echoing that first gathering of
conservation visionaries, has
resulted in what has become
known worldwide as the North
American Conservation Model --
which recognizes we all do our best
work for wildlife when we work
together. For their dream to indeed
become a reality, there would be a
continuing need to establish strong
conservation partnerships at that
time and in the future to face the
serious challenges in wildlife and
environmental conservation.
In 1987, as part of its
commemoration of the 50th
anniversary of the Federal Aid
in Wildlife Restoration Act,
commonly referred to as the
Pittman-Robertson Act in honor
of its Congressional sponsors,
the Service produced a book
entitled Restoring America’s
Wildlife, a retrospective volume
In 1936, President Franklin
Roosevelt convened the first
ever North American Wildlife
Conference bringing together
representatives of the various state
wildlife agencies, conservation
organizations, and other wildlife
interests. He opened the meeting
charging those in attendance to
work together, and said he hoped
that “from it will come constructive
proposals for concrete actions…
and that through those proposals
state and federal agencies and
conservation groups can work
together for the common good.”
Thus was forged a partnership
among wildlife conservation
interests that in the following year
was to be formalized by enactment
of the Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration Act.
This year we pay tribute to
75 years of successful fish and
wildlife management and habitat
enhancement based on the
revenues resulting from the Act and
accompanying legislation enacted
since 1937. We also salute the
sporting arms, archery, and fishing
documenting the outstanding
wildlife conservation stories
resulting from that landmark
legislation. The intent of this
report is to present the same for
the past 25 years, and include
the many successes realized in
fishery conservation resulting
from passage of the Dingell-
Johnson Sport Fish Restoration
Act in 1950. Later, the Wallop-
Breaux Amendments effectively
combined these programs and
resulted in the conservation
model we follow today.
That book concluded that the
“Pittman-Robertson program is
the single most productive wildlife
undertaking on record…and that
it has meant more for wildlife in
more ways than any other effort.”
I believe this current volume
heartily reaffirms that conclusion,
and I hope you agree.
Finally, I would like to offer
a big thanks to the numerous
wildlife professionals, writers,
photographers, artists and
others who have graciously
contributed their time and effort
in order to make this outstanding
publication possible. I certainly
hope you find it a worthy salute
to three-quarters of a century of
outstanding American wildlife
conservation.
Fish and Wildlife Service Director,
Dan Ashe
(Foreword, contined)
Credit: USFWS/Lavonda Walton
Message from the Director
Seventy-five years of successful
wildlife management is the
remarkable legacy of the
Pittman-Robertson Wildlife
Restoration Act, and the cause
of our 75th celebration. Along
with the Dingell-Johnson Sport
Fish Restoration Act, it is the
foundation of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service’s (USFWS)
Wildlife and Sport Fish
Restoration Program (WSFR)
and a cornerstone of the North
American model of fish and
wildlife management – a model
venerated for its principles,
celebrated for its performance,
and embraced for its promise
for the future. The two Acts
mark the triumph of American
conservation, founded on public
ownership of wildlife, reliance on
partnerships, and commitment
to preserve our natural heritage.
America’s history of wildlife
management began in the chaos
of the “commons”—the vast wild
lands jointly held and used by
all U.S. citizens as a collective
asset. A seemingly unlimited
resource was relentlessly
hunted and fished by a growing
population with an insatiable
appetite for the food, clothing,
trophies, and commercial
products wildlife provided. In
the jargon of economics, the
marginal benefit of hunting one
more animal accrued exclusively
to the individual hunter, while
the cumulative costs of unlimited
hunting fell crushingly on
the shoulders of society. The
discrepancy in benefit and cost
led to uncontrolled harvest and
the rapid decline of wildlife
nationwide.
State wildlife agencies stepped
into the picture in the early
20th Century with the goal of
affirming public ownership
of wildlife – the Public Trust
Doctrine – and regulating its
harvest with licenses. Yet, apart
from the revenue from license
sales, the wildlife agencies
operated on a financial shoe
string. Pittman-Robertson and,
later, Dingell Johnson came to
their fiscal rescue. The excise
taxes raised by those Acts –
excise taxes paid for by hunters
and anglers – along with license
fees established the principle
of user pays/public benefits,
the fiscal foundation of game
management in America.
The funding enabled by these
Acts, however, is only part of
the success story. The glue
that secures the framework of
modern wildlife management is
partnership. Our celebration of
WSFR’s 75th Anniversary is
really a celebration of the power
of partnership, of the hunters
and anglers who pay the cost
of conservation with fees and
taxes, the outdoor sporting
industries that make the system
of excise taxes possible, the
State fish and wildlife agencies
that provide the scientific
know-how to manage game,
the many citizen groups and
nongovernmental organizations
that expand the States’ capacity
to manage wildlife, and the
USFWS that works hand-in-
hand with the States to
administer the WSFR Program.
We should take pride in the
legacy of the WSFR Program
over the past 75 years. It
has helped empower our
State agencies and citizen
conservationists to achieve
as a nation what no other
nation in the world has
achieved: unparalleled wildlife
Foreword v
management success. Sadly,
the full story of that success is
still largely untold; but it will be
told. The new Wildlife TRACS
performance reporting system
for the WSFR Program will
make that story known and
available to everyone who cares
about wildlife conservation.
Finally, to quote the great
English bard, what’s past is
prologue. Just as the North
American model calmed the
tempest of the wildlife commons,
that same model points the
way to conserving the diversity
and richness of all wildlife in
America. It won’t be easy, but
through the synergy of federal,
state, and private partnerships,
the work that began 75 years
ago in 1937 with the passage of
Pittman Robertson will carry
us to the next 75 years, into a
future where our success will
extend to all species.
Credit: DOI/Tami A. Heilman
Hannibal Bolton
Message from the Assistant Director
for Wildlife and Sport Fish
Restoration Program
vvii C Setleabtruasti nRge tvhiee wW ialdnlidfe C anodn sSeprovrta Ftiiosnh RReesctoormatmione nPdroagtrioamns for the Gull-billed Tern
Table of Contents vii
Table of Contents
Foreword ...............................................................................................................................................................iii
Message from the Director ...................................................................................................................................iv
Message from the Assistant Director for Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration .....................................................v
The Beginning 75 Years Ago..................................................................................................................................1
A History of Major Events in State and Federal Wildlife Conservation .................................................................. 5
National Outlook
Congressional Viewpoints ........................................................................................................................... 8
The Lifeblood of State Fish & Wildlife Agencies .................................................................................... 9
Industry Pride in its Conservation Efforts ............................................................................................ 13
Boating-Related Revenues Pack a Powerful Funding Punch for Aquatic
Conservation and Boating Infrastructure Programs ........................................................................... 17
Valuing the Benefits of Wildlife............................................................................................................................ 21
Quick Facts from the 2011 National Survey................................................................................................ 22
National Survey Trends Graph .............................................................................................................. 27
State Outlook
Reliable Funding Source Benefits America’s Sport Fisheries ............................................................. 29
Fishing and Hunting License Trends ...................................................................................................... 31
Preserving Virginia’s Wild Heritage ....................................................................................................... 33
Education Realm
Hunter Education ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Aquatic Resource Education .................................................................................................................... 41
Becoming an Outdoors-Woman................................................................................................................. 43
“Trophies” - WSFR’s 75th Anniversary Painting .................................................................................................. 44
Conservation Success Stories
Pacific Region: The Elements of Success: How WSFR Funds Helped Create
Summer Lake Wildlife Management Area ..............................................................................................45
Conservation on Sarigan Island, Northern Mariana Islands................................................................46
Southwest Region: Desert Bighorn Sheep Restoration in New Mexico .............................................47
Midwest Region: Renovation of Wisconsin’s Wild Rose State Fish Hatchery ...................................49
Southeast Region: Elk Restoration and Management in Eastern Kentucky .....................................50
Alabama Children Get Their Feet Wet in the Creek Kids Program.....................................................51
Northeast Region: Virginia’s Quail Recovery .........................................................................................52
Restoration of Arctic Char and Eastern Brook Trout at Big Reed Pond, Maine ...............................52
Mountain Prairie Region: Smith Family “Legacy” Becomes New Addition to
Utah’s Tabby Mountain Wildlife Management Area ............................................................................54
viii C eSlteabtruatsi nRg ethveie Wwi ladnlifde Canodn Sspeorrvta Ftiisohn R Resetcoormatimone Pnrdoagtriaomns for the Gull-billed Tern
Whirling Disease Research in Colorado-Resitant Rainbow Trout Studies .........................................56
Alaska Region: Kenai Moose Research Center - A World Leader in Moose Science ........................57
Pacific Southwest: Lake Mohave Habitat Enhancement ......................................................................59
Wildlife Reflections
Hunting and Fishing: A Modern Answer to Environmental Concerns ...............................................61
A Noiseless Effort that Has Changed the World ....................................................................................63
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................65
Appendix - Program Data ................................................................................................................................66-76
Name of Section 1
The Beginning 75 Years Ago
Mark Madison, Historian
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Creating a New
Conservation Constituency:
The Pittman-Robertson Act
of 1937 and the Dingell-
Johnson Act of 1950
The America of colonial times
teemed with wildlife and fish.
However, the country’s rapid
westward expansion in the 19th
century took an enormous toll on
wildlife habitat which disappeared
at an alarming rate. Moreover, by
the 20th century, decades of poor
enforcement of existing hunting laws,
the unregulated growth of market
hunting, and hunters who took
more than their share (commonly
referred to as “game hogs”) added
to the decline of once-abundant
wildlife populations with many game
species teetering on the brink of
extinction. Although today it may
be hard to believe, in 1937 there
were relatively few white-tailed
deer remaining in the country. In
Indiana, for example, the last known
specimen had been killed in 1893, and
spotting one anywhere on the East
Coast would have been a rare event.
Out West, pronghorn antelope,
elk, and bighorn sheep populations
were fast declining. Beavers were
practically nonexistent south of
the Canadian border, and wild
turkeys faced imminent extinction
across the country. Many dedicated
conservationists and sportsmen
alike watched this trend with
growing alarm and worked to get the
country’s first wildlife laws enacted
to protect America’s wildlife and the
habitat upon which it depended.
In the 1930s, a combined economic
depression and ecological disaster
led the federal government to
seek innovative ways to help
impoverished Americans and
conserve our nation’s lands and
wildlife. The Great Depression
and the Great Plains Dust Bowl
destroyed families and decimated
wildlife habitat, leading President
Franklin Roosevelt, wildlife
conservation organizations,
sportsmen, and several concerned
Congressmen to work together
to pass a series of laws that,
today, are still the foundation of
this country’s natural resource
conservation programs.
The creation of the Civilian
Conservation Corps (1933-
1942) introduced 2.5 million
young men to outdoor work
on national forests, parks, and
wildlife refuges. In 1934 the
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp
Act (popularly known as the Duck
Stamp Act) raised money for
wetland acquisition through the
sale of special revenue stamps
required for legal hunting of
waterfowl. President Roosevelt,
in 1936, convened the First North
American Wildlife Conference,
which brought together a variety
of agencies and organizations
to discuss the future of wildlife
conservation in America.
The Beginning 75 Years Ago 1
Market hunters also known as
“game hogs”. Credit: USFWS
Senator Key Pittman of Nevada
Credit: USFWS
Representative A. Willis Robertson of
Virginia. Credit: USFWS
Drought and wind took a toll on
habitat. (Dallas, South Dakota
1936) Credit: U.S. Department of
Agriculture
Status Review and Conservation Recommendations for the Gull-billed Tern
sponsor the bill in the Senate and
the Senator quickly concurred
with the bill’s original language.
Shoemaker then asked Virginia
Congressman A. Willis Robertson
to co-sponsor the bill in the House.
Robertson, a former chairman
of the Virginia Department of
Game and Inland Fisheries from
1926-1932, closely examined its
language. As chairman, Robertson
had seen game funds repeatedly
raided for other state projects.
Based on his own experience, he
said he would support the bill
if Shoemaker would insert the
following sentence: “…and which
shall include a prohibition
against the diversion of
license fees paid by hunters
for any other purpose than the
administration of said State
fish and game department…”
Shoemaker agreed, stating that the
29 words were the most important
additions made by anyone. With this
amendment, Congress passed the
bill, shepherded by a constituency
of Congressional sportsmen and
-women.
Pittman-Robertson represented
a milestone in North American
conservation history. All hunters
(not just waterfowl hunters) were
actively investing in the future of
wildlife and its habitat. The North
American Model of Conservation
was solidified; not only did the
2 Celebrating the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program
The 1937 Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration Act (popularly known
as the Pittman-Robertson Act after
its Congressional sponsors) was
the next step in a quickly-evolving
American conservation movement.
It provided a much-needed, stable
source of funding for wildlife
conservation programs across the
country and today is considered
the single most productive wildlife
undertaking on record.
Interestingly enough, the
legislation’s most vocal supporters
were sportsmen and hunters – the
very group that would be most
affected by the tax. Many hunters
made it clear they willingly would
accept a permanent tax if it meant
the government would use the
funds to work with the states
to ensure the sustainability of
popular game animals.
Although these partners
recognized the urgency of securing
a permanent dedicated funding
source, it still took a great deal
of work to actually pass the Act.
The idea behind Federal Aid
goes back at least to 1935 when
a proposal was first made to use
an existing excise tax on sporting
arms and ammunition for game
restoration and habitat acquisition
to be managed by the Biological
Survey. Normally, this proposal
would have garnered support
from sportsmen; however in the
midst of an economic depression
it was a tough sell to transfer any
excise tax revenue out of general
government funds needed for the
country’s recovery.
During the 1930s, a group of
gifted conservationists and
new organizations kept the
issue alive for the next several
years. The recently-hired head
of the Biological Survey, Jay
N. “Ding” Darling was a noted
prize-winning political cartoonist,
conservationist, sportsman, and
influential friend of President
Franklin Roosevelt. A visionary,
Darling lobbied ceaselessly for
the funds to support wildlife
restoration. Upon retiring from
the Bilogical Survey in 1935 he
went on to found the National
Wildlife Federation (NWF)
in 1936 which made wildlife
restoration its mission. Darling,
himself, relentlessly pressed all
The sense of a beginning : Bakhtinian dialogic criticism on 'the gospel' in Mark.
No full textContemporary literary approaches have caused paradigm shifts in Biblical Studies in the last two decades as it appears in a great deal of Markan studies using narrative, reader-response, deconstructive, feminist, and new historicist approaches. However, literary studies on the Gospel of Mark have not taken into account theoretical questions underlying those approaches. As a result biblical critics are driven by new trends without ever having a chance to examine the critical baggage of the approaches. Consequently, there is a gap of communication between the old and the new one. Therefore this thesis is an attempt to meet the need of enhancing the quality of critical endeavour in biblical studies. In the light of most recent competing critical theories of literature, the first contribution of this thesis is the methodological finding that Bakhtinian dialogic criticism contains the most profound philosophical and practical foundations for solving some crucial theoretical problems in contemporary literary theories. It is a critique to a Saussurian linguistic system of language which becomes the very foundation of modern and postmodern literary criticism. Bakhtinian literary theory shifts the foundation of literary criticism on linguistic signs into the creative activity of the socio-cultural production of human communication. The shift into socio-cultural reality of language communication makes the notion of 'genre' very important to unlock the problem of text and context in literary studies. Since the Gospel of Mark has fascinated most literary critics in Biblical Studies, the problem of 'genre' of this gospel is chosen as the focus of this study. Secondly, as no agreement is reached as to what 'genre' the Gospel of Mark belongs, this thesis makes its contribution to the discussion by locating the problem of 'genre' of Mark in the context of genre theories and argues that the Bakhtinian suggestion to find genre in the socio-cultural sphere by analysing artistic intercourse between narrative agents in Mark has freed the competing analysis from the unresolved problem between the kerygmatic (content oriented) approach and the analogical (form oriented) approach. To achieve finding 'genre' in the socio-cultural sphere, this thesis focuses on Bakhtinian analysis of the process of artistic intercourse between narrative agents. The narrative communicative interrelationships between narrative agents is constructed in this thesis as a 'stereophonic' Bakhtinian model of dialogic communication. This model is an original contribution of this thesis for revising the traditional two dimensional model of narrative communication. Based on this dialogical model of communication, a special role is given to the Bakhtinian 'author-creator' in the realization process of genre through the interaction of polyphonic voices. Through the interaction of voices of the author-artist and the hero we are led to discover a relatively stable type of portraying and controlling reality in Mark, known as the genre of Roman 'satire'. The closest literary affinity is Satyrica by Petronius. This narrative strategy of 'satire' in Mark has its root in the prophetic discourse of the Old Testament which is saturating the speech of the narrator, John the Immerser, the centurion, the people, and even Jesus. Finally, the whole search for Markan 'genre' culminates in the analysis of the realization of genre through the analysis of Bakhtinian chronotope. The reality of the genre of Mark is its social reality that is in its role as dpxrj/ 'beginning'. As the Gospel of Mark proclaims itself as 'a beginning', it defines its claim of socio-cultural 'authority' in early Christianity. It is this 'sense of beginning' which enables the narrating and the narrated world of Mark to interact dialogically
Fish, wildlife and people: a Mark Trail coloring book
No full textThis is a children's coloring storybook. It follows Mark Trail as he explains to young Rusty the importance of taking care of America's park lands. It also includes several games and activities. Note: The Mark Trail/Ed Dodd in Gainesville, GA is referenced.U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
http://www.fws.gov
June 1998
As the Nation’s principle conservation
agency, the Department of the Interior has
responsibility for most of our nationally
owned public lands and natural resources.
This includes fostering the wisest use of
our land and water resources, protecting
our fish and wildlife, preserving the
environmental and cultural values of our
national parks and historical places, and
providing for the enjoyment of life through
outdoor recreation. The Department
assesses our energy and mineral resources
and works to assure that their development
is in the best interests of all our people. The
Department also has a major responsibility
for American Indian reservation
communities and for people who live in
island territories under U.S. administration
Distinct migratory and non-migratory ecotypes of an endemic New Zealand eleotrid (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) – implications for incipient speciation in island freshwater fish species
No full textBackground: Many postglacial lakes contain fish species with distinct ecomorphs. Similar evolutionary scenarios might be acting on evolutionarily young fish communities in lakes of remote islands. One process that drives diversification in island freshwater fish species is the colonization of depauperate freshwater environments by diadromous (migratory) taxa, which secondarily lose their migratory behaviour. The loss of migration limits dispersal and gene flow between distant populations, and, therefore, is expected to facilitate local morphological and genetic differentiation. To date, most studies have focused on interspecific relationships among migratory species and their non-migratory sister taxa. We hypothesize that the loss of migration facilitates intraspecific morphological, behavioural, and genetic differentiation between migratory and non-migratory populations of facultatively diadromous taxa, and, hence, incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species.
Results: Microchemical analyses of otolith isotopes (Sr-88, Ba-137 and Ca-43) differentiated migratory and non-migratory stocks of the New Zealand endemic Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall (Eleotridae). Samples were taken from two rivers, one lake and two geographically-separated outgroup locations. Meristic analyses of oculoscapular lateral line canals documented a gradual reduction of these structures in the non-migratory populations. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints revealed considerable genetic isolation between migratory and non-migratory populations. Temporal differences in reproductive timing (migratory = winter spawners, non-migratory = summer spawners; as inferred from gonadosomatic indices) provide a prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanism between the two ecotypes.
Conclusion: This study provides a holistic look at the role of diadromy in incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species. All four analytical approaches (otolith microchemistry, morphology, spawning timing, population genetics) yield congruent results, and provide clear and independent evidence for the existence of distinct migratory and non-migratory ecotypes within a river in a geographically confined range. The morphological changes within the non-migratory populations parallel interspecific patterns observed in all non-migratory New Zealand endemic Gobiomorphus species and other derived gobiid taxa, a pattern suggesting parallel evolution. This study indicates, for the first time, that distinct ecotypes of island freshwater fish species may be formed as a consequence of loss of migration and subsequent diversification. Therefore, if reproductive isolation persists, these processes may provide a mechanism to facilitate speciation
Mark Madison speaks with Lisa Mighetto
No full textLisa Mighetto is the Executive Director of the Amerian Society for Environmental History.MARK MADISON: Hi. Today is May 11, 2011, and this is Mark Madison at the National Conservation Training Center in Shepherdstown, West Virginia, and on today's Podcast we're very fortunate to have Lisa Mighetto, who is an environmental historian and currently the Executive Director of the American Society for Environmental History.
Welcome, Lisa. Thanks for coming out here.
LISA MIGHETTO: Well, thank you for having me.
MARK MADISON: Lisa, why don't you tell us a little bit about what the American Society for Environmental History does.
LISA MIGHETTO: We are a nonprofit organization of educators and scholars. We study the history of human interaction with the natural world over time.
Basically what we do is provide context for current environmental issues. For example, we have people who study natural disasters, the historical background for hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods. We have people who study public lands, fish and wildlife. We have people who study environmental justice issues, urban issues. Very broad interests.
MARK MADISON: If people wanted to learn more about ASEH, is there a web site they could go to?
LISA MIGHETTO: Yes, it's www.aseh.net.
MARK MADISON: Great. You're also an environmental historian. Could you give us a case study for environmental history that you might have worked on?
LISA MIGHETTO: Well, this could provide an example of what environmental historians do and how-- basically if you're interested in the environment, you're interested in environmental history, because it provides the background, as I said, for current issues.
I worked before I became director of ASEH as what's called a public historian, that's history outside the university, and I worked on many contracts for government agencies, such as the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, the Forest Service. And I did a lot of work on salmon issues since I live in the Seattle area, the Pacific Northwest. That work basically assisted biologists who were looking at endangered species.
A lot of this work intensified in the early 1990s and late 1990s, coinciding with endangered species listings, and there was a need to research the many stocks of salmon in the Northwest in terms of their population distribution and their habitat, the changing habitat conditions. And historians often know where little-known records are that can help biologists document.
MARK MADISON: Were there some interesting things you learned about salmon and their history?
LISA MIGHETTO: Yes. This, again, gives an example of sort of the range that environmental history provides. When you look at salmon, you could look at commercially important species. You could look at planting records, that is, fish culture and how biologists try to propagate fish. You could look at policy issues and regulations. You could look at, for instance, how the so-called trash fish that were deemed inconvenient were removed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. You could look at social history, even, user groups, from tribal fishers and Native peoples to sport fishers to government biologists to just people who are recreating on weekends and all these groups interact. You could look at the history of the importance of an animal like salmon, or fish, in terms of cultural history, how important it's been to Native peoples, to sport fishers in literature over time. So the history of ideas becomes important, too. But that's how wide ranging, just by looking at one example, like salmon, and if you expand that out into many, many species--
MARK MADISON: Are there other case studies you've worked on?
LISA MIGHETTO: Oh, well, yes, there are many, many. I used to research wolves-- well, because fish and wildlife was my specialty, that's what I--
MARK MADISON: That's good.
LISA MIGHETTO: Right. I thought that might be of interest here.
One of the things that interested me was I also did work on litigation support for large court cases, and the court often had a need in large litigation cases to establish the state of biological knowledge at a certain time. Environmental historians analyze that and study that. And I remember one biologist who I worked with who was very, very good in his field, in fact a leader in his field in the Seattle area, and we were talking about how this one area we were studying in terms of changing habitat conditions, they had removed all of the crud in the streams because they thought, well, we'll clear it out and make it nice and tidy for fish. Well, of course, now, when you look at that and you say, well, what about all that large woody debris that was there that we needed?
We also looked at the bounties on trash fish and how some of those trash fish had been removed and the repercussions, the consequences. And I said to him, jokingly, "Well, these mistakes had been made in the past." And he said, "Yeah, they didn't know what they were doing then." And I said, jokingly, "Oh, but we know what we're doing now, right?" And I was kidding, but he was serious, and he said, "Yes, now we're correcting the mistakes of the past." And I thought, well, this is why you need the historical perspective, because it shows you how the state of knowledge evolves over time. Scientific knowledge is not a static thing.
MARK MADISON: Yes, perspective is critical.
LISA MIGHETTO: Right.
MARK MADISON: Now, we have a journal. There is an environmental history journal. That's a great place to get an introduction to the field. Were there any environmental history books that influenced you?
LISA MIGHETTO: Well, I studied with Roderick Nash in the '70s. So that was quite a while ago. "Wilderness in the American Mind" was one of the books that founded the field. But ASEH was founded in 1977, so it coincided with the emergence of the environmental movement.
But we have lists of books on our web site, which again is aseh.net, if anybody is interested in looking at the most influential books in environmental history. I noticed just walking around NCTC all of the photographs of important people like George Bird Grinell, John Muir, Theodore Roosevelt, Ira Gabrielson, Ding Darling. The list goes on and on. Our members have written books, biographies, very good books, about these individuals and their impact. And those books are listed in these bibliographies.
MARK MADISON: Well, Lisa, thank you very much. Lisa Mighetto is the Director for the American Society of Environmental History. If you wanted to learn more about them, you could go to their web site, www.aseh.net.
You look like you wanted to add something, Lisa. Jump right in.
LISA MIGHETTO: Not only do we have a journal, but we have an annual conference that brings together not only academics but journalists and activists and government agency people.
MARK MADISON: Where's the 2012 conference going to be?
LISA MIGHETTO: In Madison, Wisconsin.
MARK MADISON: I like the sound of that. It's going to be right near Aldo Leopold's shack.
LISA MIGHETTO: We're going to visit Aldo Leopold's shack and we're going to visit John Muir's farmstead. So it will be an interesting conference.
MARK MADISON: Actually, before we let Lisa go, she knows quite a bit about John Muir. Tell us a little about your experience with John Muir and why he's important to us today.
LISA MIGHETTO: Well, at the time that I was writing about John Muir, I mean, that was many years ago, but I should mention that there's been a resurgence of interest in John Muir. So if you're at all interested in John Muir, there's a new movie coming out, "John Muir and the New World," I think it's called. There's a recent biography by Donald Worster about John Muir. So, very important naturalists. And I grew up on the West Coast, so, of course, he was a--
MARK MADISON: Kind of a founding philosopher of the Park Service ideology and the Sierra Club.
LISA MIGHETTO: And an important Sierra Club figure.
MARK MADISON: Great. Thank you-- go ahead, Lisa. I interrupted you.
LISA MIGHETTO: Thank you for having me.
MARK MADISON: Well, thank you, Lisa. And once again, it's Lisa Mighetto, Executive Director of the American Society for Environmental History, and thank you for taking the time to listen
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Consumer Interest and Marketing Potential of Information on Fish Labels
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