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LA TUTELA INTERNAZIONALE DELLA LIBERTÀ RELIGIOSA: PROBLEMI E PROSPETTIVE
No full textNonostante la sua intrinseca propensione alla pace e alla giustizia, la
religione ha storicamente operato quale catalizzatore di divisioni e conflitti.
Oggi il tema dello ‘scontro tra religioni’ è tornato drammaticamente
di attualità. Assistiamo ovunque all’intensificarsi di episodi di discriminazioni,
intolleranze e violenze basate sulla religione o sul credo, alimentati
dalla diffusione dei fondamentalismi, dal terrorismo internazionale di
matrice islamica e dall’incremento dei flussi migratori. Questi fenomeni
si innestano in una situazione di cronica debolezza della libertà religiosa,
che pur costituendo, insieme alla libertà di pensiero e di coscienza, la
prima tra le libertà civili ad essere stata riconosciuta a livello internazionale,
ha da sempre incontrato enormi ostacoli nella sua concreta realizzazione.
Il presente volume intende offrire un’occasione per riflettere sul
tema della tutela internazionale della libertà religiosa, al fine di evidenziare
problemi e linee di tendenza. La ricerca trae origine da una serie di
considerazioni maturate nell’ambito del dialogo con i colleghi ecclesiasticisti
della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza della Sapienza, Lucia Graziano e
Fabio Franceschi. Tali considerazioni hanno fornito lo spunto iniziale per
un progetto al quale altri studiosi hanno accettato di collaborare, fornendo
alla ricerca un respiro interdisciplinare, che spazia dal diritto internazionale
al diritto dell’Unione europea, al diritto ecclesiastico, al diritto
costituzionale e al diritto comparato.
Il volume si articola in tre parti. Nella prima vengono tracciati i profili
generali della tutela internazionale della libertà religiosa, che sono
esaminati con riguardo non soltanto al sistema delle Nazioni Unite (M.I.
Papa) e agli strumenti internazionali rilevanti sul piano regionale – la
Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo e la Convenzione americana
dei diritti umani (G. Asta); la Carta africana dei diritti dell’uomo e dei
popoli e la Carta araba dei diritti umani (M. Gervasi); il diritto dell’Unione
europea (A. Mignolli) –, ma anche al rapporto tra Santa Sede e Comunità
internazionale (L. Graziano) e all’influenza del diritto internazionale
sulla tutela costituzionale della libertà religiosa nell’ordinamento italiano
(F. Angelini). La seconda parte è dedicata all’esame delle diverse declinazioni della libertà religiosa attraverso lo studio delle connessioni
(talvolta conflittuali) con altri diritti umani, quali il diritto al rispetto
della vita privata e familiare (F. Marongiu Buonaiuti), inclusa la vita familiare
omosessuale (A. Schillaci), e la libertà di espressione (G.C. Bruno),
nonché all’analisi delle interazioni, ugualmente assai complesse, con alcuni
assunti fondamentali degli ordinamenti interni, come il principio di
laicità in relazione all’annosa questione dell’esposizione dei simboli religiosi
(G. Ciliberto e F.M. Palombino) o i precetti della sharia nei Paesi
islamici dell’Africa mediterranea (F. Franceschi). I contributi raccolti
nella terza parte del volume affrontano infine le questioni sollevate dall’esercizio
della libertà religiosa da parte di gruppi o categorie di persone
particolarmente vulnerabili – le minoranze religiose (G. Pascale), i richiedenti
asilo (F. Cherubini), i minori (M. Distefano) e i detenuti (A.
Muccione) – nonché nell’ambito di contesti problematici, come i conflitti
armati, per quanto concerne la tutela dei luoghi di culto (M. Mancini), o
la situazione di certi Stati africani in riferimento all’accesso alle alte cariche
pubbliche (J. Kazadi Mpiana
L'evoluzione storica della tutela internazionale delle minoranze religiose
Full text linkThe Historical Evolution of the International Protection of Religious Minorities. Although the norms specifically protecting religious minorities in modern international law are not into force anymore, this chapter shows that in contemporary international law some other norms can be interpreted as indirectly safeguarding religious minorities. After a preliminary attempt to define the notion of ‘minority’ according to international
law, in the first part of the paper a legal-historical approach is adopted. The conventional (and maybe customary) norms directly protecting religious minorities in the modern age are assessed. Attention is also paid to the ‘minority system’ instituted under the aegis of the League of Nations in the first half of the XX century. In its second part, the essay deals with international norms that nowadays indirectly safeguard religious minorities, underlining how many minority groups today are oppressed only or above all because of their religion (e.g., Rohingya in Myanmar). First and foremost, religious minorities can take advantage from the conventional norms concerning the general protection of persons belonging to a minority group of any sort. Moreover, religious minorities can benefit from the protection that the main human rights treaties usually grant to any human person through their provisions on the freedom of religion and on the prohibition of any form of discrimination. Eventually, some customary international norms (such as that prohibiting genocide) could also be intended as safeguarding religious minorities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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