681 research outputs found
Russian economic thought on agricultural issues (Article of N.P. Makarov)
No full textThe author of this article, the remarkable Russian economist Nikolai Makarov (1886-1980), is one of the brightest representatives of Chayanov’s organization-production school, who had a long and dramatic life. After graduating from the Faculty of Economics of the Moscow University, he conducted economic-statistical studies of the Russian peasantry and cooperation, and taught a number of agrarian-economic disciplines at the universities of Moscow and Voronezh. Makarov took an active part in the preparation of agrarian reforms during the 1917 Revolution. During the Civil War, he emigrated to the United States and wrote books about American agriculture. In 1924, at the invitation of Alexander Chayanov, Makarov returned to Soviet Russia - as a wellknown professor and influential expert in the comparative studies of rural development in various regions of the world2. The fruitful scientific work of Makarov and his colleagues from the organization-production school was stopped in 1930 - when Stalin accused Chayanov and Makarov of sabotaging collectivization and preparing a counter-revolutionary coup in the USSR. Makarov spent several years in prison, and in the mid-1930s, he was sent to work as an economist at the state farms of the Black-Earth region. In the late 1940s, he was allowed to return to research and teaching, and in old age, he published a number of books on the Soviet agricultural economy. The article presents the emigrant period of Makarov’s life, when he collaborated with the editorial board of the Peasant Russia journal published in Czechoslovakia in the 1920s. Makarov conducts a political-economic analysis of the main issues and topics in the Russian agrarian thought of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. First, he describes the features of the Narodnik and Marxist theoretical-methodological approaches to the study of the Russian rural evolution. Then, in the spirit of the Chayanov school, Makarov looks for a fruitful compromise between these two ideologies. He notes the important impact on Russian agrarians of the international, primarily German, studies of the agricultural organization and evolution. The final sections of the article explain Makarov’s original classifications and typologies of the forms and directions of the agricultural evolution. Today, a hundred years later, this Makarov’s work helps us to better understand the debatable roots of the Russian and global agrarian ideologies in the early 20th century.Автор этой статьи замечательный российский экономист Николай Макаров (1886-1980) является одним из ярких представителей организационно-производственной школы Александра Чаянова. Макаров прожил долгую и драматическую жизнь. По окончании экономического факультета Московского университета он занимался экономико-статистическими исследованиями крестьянства и кооперации в России, а также преподавал ряд аграрно-экономических дисциплин в университетах Москвы и Воронежа. Макаров принял активное участие в подготовке аграрных реформ в Русской революции 1917 года. Во время гражданской войны Макаров эмигрировал в США, где написал пару монографий об американском сельском хозяйстве. По приглашению Александра Чаянова Николай Макаров вернулся в советскую Россию в 1924-м году. К этому времени он уже являлся известным профессором, влиятельным экспертом в области исследований компаративистских стратегий сельского развития различных регионов мира. Плодотворная научная деятельность Макарова и его коллег по организационно-производственной школе была оборвана в 1930-м году, когда Сталин обвинил Чаянова и Макарова в саботаже политики коллективизации и подготовке контрреволюционного переворота в СССР. Макаров провел несколько лет в тюрьме. В середине 1930-х годов он был выслан работать экономистом в совхозы Черноземья. В конце 1940-х годов Макаров получил разрешение вернуться к профессорской научной и преподавательской деятельности. Он уже в очень преклонном возрасте опубликовал ряд книг по экономике советского сельского хозяйства. Представленная здесь статья относится к эмигрантскому периоду жизни Макарова, когда он активно сотрудничал с редколлегией журнала «Крестьянская Россия» издававшемся в Чехословакии в 1920-е годы. В этой статье Макаров стремится дать политэкономический анализ основных вопросов и тем аграрной мысли России конца ХIX - начала XX века. Изначально он характеризует особенности теоретико-методологических подходов к изучению эволюции сельской России народников и марксистов, а затем стремится вполне в духе школы Чаянова найти пути для плодотворного компромисса этих двух идеологических мировоззрений. При этом Макаров отмечает важное воздействие на российских аграрников международного, прежде всего германского опыта изучения организации сельского хозяйства и его эволюции. Заключительные разделы этой статьи посвящены обоснованию собственных макаровских оригинальных классификаций и типологизаций форм и направлений сельскохозяйственной эволюции. Спустя сто лет этот текст Макарова помогает нам глубже понять дискуссионные корни аграрных идеологий России и мира начала XX века
Russian economic thought on agricultural issues
No full textThe author of this article, the remarkable Russian economist Nikolai Makarov (1886-1980), is one of the brightest representatives of Chayanov's organization-production school, who had a long and dramatic life. After graduating from the Faculty of Economics of the Moscow University, he conducted economic-statistical studies of the Russian peasantry and cooperation, and taught a number of agrarian-economic disciplines at the universities of Moscow and Voronezh. Makarov took an active part in the preparation of agrarian reforms during the 1917 Revolution. During the Civil War, he emigrated to the United States and wrote books about American agriculture. In 1924, at the invitation of Alexander Chayanov, Makarov returned to Soviet Russia - as a wellknown professor and influential expert in the comparative studies of rural development in various regions of the world. The fruitful scientific work of Makarov and his colleagues from the organization-production school was stopped in 1930 - when Stalin accused Chayanov and Makarov of sabotaging collectivization and preparing a counter-revolutionary coup in the USSR. Makarov spent several years in prison, and in the mid-1930s, he was sent to work as an economist at the state farms of the Black-Earth region. In the late 1940s, he was allowed to return to research and teaching, and in old age, he published a number of books on the Soviet agricultural economy. The article presents the emigrant period of Makarov's life, when he collaborated with the editorial board of the Peasant Russia journal published in Czechoslovakia in the 1920s. Makarov conducts a political-economic analysis of the main issues and topics in the Russian agrarian thought of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. First, he describes the features of the Narodnik and Marxist theoretical-methodological approaches to the study of the Russian rural evolution. Then, in the spirit of the Chayanov school, Makarov looks for a fruitful compromise between these two ideologies. He notes the important impact on Russian agrarians of the international, primarily German, studies of the agricultural organization and evolution. The final sections of the article explain Makarov's original classifications and typologies of the forms and directions of the agricultural evolution. Today, a hundred years later, this Makarov's work helps us to better understand the debatable roots of the Russian and global agrarian ideologies in the early 20th century
New Drugs and Novel Cellular Targets against Tuberculosis
No full textMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), one of the most life-threatening communicable diseases, which causes 10 million new cases each year and results in an estimated 1 [...
GUEST EDITORIAL — FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC NANOMEMBRANES
No full textIn our everyday life, we are surrounded by electronic devices designed in a way to meet requirements for a certain application, which is determined primarily by their shape, size, and rigidity of a substrate. In this respect, the natural question, which surprisingly has only recently been raised, is: can one create non-rigid electronics that can be reshaped on demand after its fabrication? The crucial aspect of this technology is the exploitation of °exible or even stretchable ultra-thin membranes in multi-func-tional devices directly integrable on-chip with cur-rently available main-stream technologies. There are several ways to achieve non-rigid electronics. One is related to the development of organic electronics, which is °exible but slow. A good alternative to this approach is the shapeable inorganic electronics, which combines advantages of being °exible or stretchable with the speed and performance of con-ventional semiconductor-based electronics.1 After introducing this ground-breaking paradigm, shape-able electronics became a dynamically developing research area with already a variety of devices commercially available (e.g., electronic displays, integrated circuitry) and some of them already im-plemented in medicine.2 Until recently, the main focus was on the fabri-cation of shapeable high-speed electronics3 and optoelectronics.4 However, the family of shapeable *Corresponding author
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Decadal Changes in Dissolved Oxygen in the Arctic Ocean: Insights from the Canada and Makarov Basins
No full textThe Arctic Ocean is rapidly responding to climate-driven changes in circulation, sea ice extent, and primary productivity, with significant implications for dissolved oxygen (DO) distributions. This study examines decadal-scale changes in DO concentrations in Pacific Winter Waters (PWW) and Atlantic-origin waters (AW) across the Canada and Makarov Basins using new data from the HLY2202/AWS2022 research cruise and historical records from 1994, 2005, and 2015. By analyzing DO, oxygen saturation, apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), conservative temperature, and nutrient concentrations (nitrate + nitrite, silicate), we assess the mechanisms driving observed variability. Our results show that DO trends are non-uniform across the basin, with both increases and decreases observed between 1994 and 2022. In the Canada Basin (CB), localized oxygen loss between 78 °N - 80 °N from 2015 to 2022 is linked to enhanced remineralization and shifting Arctic Oscillation regimes affecting the PWW vertical position. Conversely, higher DO concentrations and lower AOU in the northern CB suggest improved ventilation and more recent oxygen delivery. In Atlantic Water (AW), observed increases in DO content are attributed to the intrusion of more recently ventilated
waters from the Barents Sea, consistent with Atlantification. These findings highlight the role of circulation, stratification, and biological activity in shaping the Arctic DO distributions. Continued high-accuracy oxygen observations are essential for improving our understanding of how Arctic water masses are responding to ongoing climate forcing
The New Renaissance:will it happen ? Innovating Europe out of the crisis
No full textterzo e finale report dell'EuROPEAN RESEARCH AREA BOAR
FIGURE 4 in A new genus and two new species of the millipede family Chelodesmidae from Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, including a likely troglobiont (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)
No full textFIGURE 4. Strongylosomides troglobius sp. nov., male paratype. A-C. Habitus, dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. Photographs by K.V. Makarov, taken not to scale.Published as part of Golovatch, Sergei I., Bouzan, Rodrigo S., Gallo, Jéssica S. & Bichuette, Maria E., 2022, A new genus and two new species of the millipede family Chelodesmidae from Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, including a likely troglobiont (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), pp. 87-104 in Zootaxa 5155 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5155.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/666917
Stochastic Modeling of the Impact of Random Dopants on Hot-Carrier Degradation in n-FinFETs
No full textsponsorship: This work was supported in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie under Grant 794950 and in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under Grant P31204-N30. The review of this letter was arranged by Editor S. Hall. (Corresponding author: Alexander Makarov.) (European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie|794950, Austrian Science Fund (FWF)|P31204-N30, Austrian Science Fund (FWF)|P31204)status: Publishe
Increase of the magnetic flux from polar zones of the sun in the last 120 years
No full textAbstract: Lockwood, Stamper, and Wild (1999) argued that the average strength of the magnetic field of the Sun has doubled in the last 100 years. They used an analysis of the geomagnetic index . We calculated the area of polar zones of the Sun, A(p)z, occupied by unipolar magnetic field on Halpha synoptic magnetic charts, following Makarov (1994), from 1878 to 2000. We found a gradual decrease of the annual minimum latitude of the high-latitude zone boundaries, theta(2m), of the global magnetic field of the Sun at the minimum of activity from 53degrees in 1878 down to 38degrees in 1996, yielding an average decrease of 1.2degrees per cycle. Consequently the area of polar zones A(p)z of the Sun, occupied by unipolar magnetic field at the minimum activity, has risen by a factor of 2 during 1878-1996. This means that the behavior of the index and consequently the magnetic flux from the Sun may be explained by an increase of the area of polar caps with roughly the same value of the magnetic field in this period. The area of the unipolar magnetic field at the poles (A(pz)) may be used as a new index of magnetic activity of the Sun. We compared A(pz) with the , the Wolf number and Annotated by the author(*) -index (Makarov and Tlatov, 2000). Correlations based on '11-year' averages are discussed. A temperature difference of about 1degrees between the Maunder Minimum and the present time was deduced. We have found that the highest latitude of the polar zone boundaries of the large-scale magnetic field during very low solar activity reaches about 60degrees, cf., the Maunder Minimum. It is supposed that the theta(2)m-latitude coincides with the latitude where partial derivative(r)omega=0, with omega(r,theta) being the angular frequency of the solar rotation. The causes of the waxing and waning of the Sun's activity in conditions like Maunder Minimum are discussed
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