169 research outputs found
Moss carbon isotope measurements across different subantarctic water environments
No full textProgress Code: completedThe success of mosses in East Antarctica to accurately record long-term variations in water availability through d13C encourages the use of this technique as a promising proxy solution for subantarctic locations, where cold climate conditions restrict the growth rates of intact moss shoots enough to generate meaningful data over a long period, unlike similar species in more temperate regions. <br/><br/>With this data we explored the possible expansion of the use of d13C signatures in moss as a proxy of growth water environment by examining carbon isotope fractionation in a range of subantarctic moss species collected from wet, intermediate and dry locations across Macquarie Island. Specifically we examined: (1) the relationship between d13CCELLULOSE and d13CBULK plant material in subantarctic species; (2) the influence of growth water environment on d13CBULK in subantarctic moss under field conditions; (3) inter-species variability, including the effect of cell wall thickness on d13CBULK; and (4) differences and similarities in d13CBULK in mosses between Antarctic and subantarctic locations in comparison to the Bramley-Alves, J.E., Robinson, S. (2016) metadata entry. <br/><br/>Stable isotopes as a proxy for water:<br/>Analysis of stable carbon isotopes (d13C) in moss tissues, where d13C values indicate water bioavailability in the environment during the growth season the tissue was produced. Elevated (less negative) d13C signatures indicate moss tissue is covered by water (causing diffusional limitations), while more negative d13C signatures are indicative of a drier growth environment. Long shoots of moss may be analysed to reconstruct past water availability over previous centuries. For further information on methods please see Bramley-Alves et al. 2016.<br/><br/>Data sheets:<br/>1. Information<br/>2. Subantarctic moss d13CBULK and d13CCELLULOSE field measurements: For each of the three study species (Breutelia pendula, Brachythecium austro-salebrosum and Sanionia uncinata), moss plugs (~ 2 cm2 by 4 cm deep) were collected from areas in which moss was observed to grow in different water environments along a gradient. Moss growing in or directly beside a steam was classified as wet, mid-way up the bank was classified as intermediate and those growing higher up the bank, with no access to stream water were classified as dry. All sites were selected based on two main features: firstly, the presence of all three species and secondly, a substantial water availability gradient with elevation/topographic distance from a running stream. Dual samples of bulk and cellulose were extracted as described in Bramley-Alves et al. (2016).<br/>3. Subantarctic moss morphology: The cell wall thickness of all three subantarctic species were examined in samples collected from an intermediate water environment. Samples were placed under a dissecting microscope (Leica, MS5, Australia) and five leaves removed and transferred to a glass slide. Images were then captured using a digital camera (DCM510, 5M pixels) attached to a Microscope (Olympus, BHA, Japan) at 40x magnification and downloaded into Photoshop (Ver. CS6, Adobe) for analysis of cell wall thickness using the ruler tool. 10 measurements were made per leaf.<br/>4. Subantarctic moss surface temperature: Subantarctic moss surface temperatures were measured using 12 iButtons over the months of April and May 2015 at the base of Pyramid Peak, next to the track. iButtons were pinned flat onto the moss turf
Coping with the Cuts?:Local Government and Poorer Communities
No full textThis paper: details the scale and pattern of cuts in spending on local government in England and Scotland since 2010; identifies the ‘budget gap’ faced by three English local authorities until 2016 and their approaches to tackling this gap; explains how councils can analyse their savings plans and assess their potential impact on disadvantaged group
The cost effectiveness of universal antenatal screening for HIV in New Zealand.
No full textOBJECTIVE: To model the incremental costs and benefits of a universal antenatal HIV screening programme in New Zealand (NZ). DESIGN: Cost effectiveness analysis, including only health service costs, using secondary data sources and expert opinion. Uncertainty assessed in multi-way sensitivity analyses. SETTING: The NZ Health Care System. SUBJECTS: Antenatal population of NZ. INTERVENTION: Universal antenatal HIV screening programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incremental cost per true-positive HIV case detected in mothers; incremental cost per HIV case avoided in babies; and incremental cost per discounted life-year gained, for mothers and babies, due to screening. RESULTS: Using base case values the application of universal screening would cost an additional US 307 917) and would lead to the identification of an additional 6.25 true-positive women. After terminations have been excluded, the screening programme would detect five HIV exposed babies. There would be 1.15 avoided cases of HIV infection in babies and a net gain of 41.97 discounted life-years, for mothers and babies combined. The cost per incremental HIV-positive woman detected was US 49 301), HIV infected baby avoided US 267 944) and discounted life-year gained US 7336). CONCLUSION: The discounted cost per life gained in NZ compares favourably to estimates reported in studies of similar interventions in other developed countries and other health care interventions in NZ. The decision of whether to implement universal screening in NZ would be clarified if the prevalence of antenatal HIV infection was known and policy makers identified their willingness to pay for an additional life-year gained
Controlling the Cold Roll Forming Design Process
No full textThis paper was sponsored by a full member (A N Bramley) of The International Academy for Production Engineering (CIRP). The paper contains an examination of the cold roll forming design process and how the authors (academic and industrial) have dramatically modified the design process through the application of knowledge based engineering. The work has had a direct impact on the company. Contact: Dr M. Castellucci The Hadley Group, PO Box 92, Downing Street, Smethwick, West Midlands, B662PA, Tel: +44 (0) 121 5551300 The author has been approached by Springer with a view to publishing a book based on this research.The cold roll forming process requires successive forming profiles to be determined and an appropriate number of profiled roll sets to be designed for the product to be rolled. This paper examines the design process and how one company has put in place a design-production control system that allows designs to be ranked in terms of quality and efficiency. In addition, consideration is given to the proportion of time given to each design task and how non-creative design activities can be automated
The dielectric constant and molecular weight of bromine vapor
No full textIt is shown that the conclusion reached by Bramley in a recent article that bromine has the formula (Br2)6 is inconsistent with previous results relating to the density of this substance in the gaseous state and that it is not theoretically justified by the considerations presented by the author
Anquilose bilateral da ATM: relato de caso
No full textA anquilose da ATM pode ser resultante de trauma, sepse, inflamação ou doenças sistêmicas, levando à severa limitação da função da mandíbula, bem como da higiene bucal e a problemas nutricionais. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso clínico de paciente com anquilose bilateral da ATM atendida pelo Setor de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Facial do Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian. Paciente do sexo feminino, 25 anos de idade, apresentou-se com anquilose bilateral da ATM devido a uma queda de bicicleta há três anos, estalido bilateral da ATM, limitação da abertura bucal de 10 mm e queixa de dores ao abrir e fechar a boca. Em ambiente cirúrgico, fez-se a remoção de massa anquilótica e coronoidectomia com interposição de retalho temporal após acesso de Al Kayat e Bramley. Ao comparecer no retorno de 30 dias a paciente alegou vertigem, que foi avaliada pelo otorrinolaringologista e diagnosticada como vertigem postural paroxística benigna. Relatou ainda parestesia do nervo bucal bilateralmente e não conseguir ocluir totalmente a pálpebra esquerda mas apresentou melhoras devido ao tratamento fisioterapêutico e abertura bucal de 30 mm. Após 14 meses decorridos do procedimento, a paciente mencionou sensibilidade na articulação ao realizar fisioterapia, apresentando 22 mm de abertura bucal, realizando apenas o movimento de rotação da ATM, sendo orientada a continuar com fisioterapia motora e posterior retorno ao ambulatório. O tratamento de escolha para a anquilose da ATM é cirúrgico, com a remoção da massa anquilótica, associada ou não à coronoidectomia, com a opção de se colocar algum material de interposição para evitar recidivas. É indispensável a fisioterapia que deve ser instituída o mais breve possível com o intuito de prevenir neoformação óssea na articulação, trismo, minimizar fibroses que podem resultar na reanquilose da articulação. Palavras-chave: Anquilose. Diagnóstico. Terapêutica
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Genomic sequencing indicates non-random mating of Venturia inaequalis in a mixed cultivar orchard
No full textApple scab is one of the most economically important diseases of apples worldwide. The disease is caused by the haploid ascomycete Venturia inaequalis. Growing apples in cultivar mixtures may reduce disease severity. To determine how the pathogen population structure is affected by host mixtures we studied 24 V. inaequalis isolates sampled from three different apple cultivars (“Bramley”, “Cox” and “Worcester”) growing in a mixed orchard approximately 50 years old. The isolates were aligned against a reference genome and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called between the isolates. The populations isolated from Bramley and Worcester were distinct, while Cox isolates were an admixture. This supports previous tests of the ability of isolates to cross-infect hosts, and molecular comparisons using simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Genotype specific allele (GSA) loci were not distributed randomly across contigs in proportion to contig length, but were clustered. Clustered GSA were observed in almost all contigs. This indicates population differentiation across the whole genome, presumably due to lack of crossing-over events between Bramley and Worcester isolates. This lack is probably due to physical separation effects: sexual mating is more likely to take place and succeed between isolates from lesions on the same leaf than from contact between independently infected leaves in leaf litter on the orchard floor. This would especially be the case if sexual reproduction is initiated before leaf-fall
Housing market adjustment and land-supply constraints
No full textSignificant differences exist between national, regional, and local housing markets in the extent to which land is available for new housing development and in the planning regime which regulates the supply of land. The author examines the impact of different levels and forms of planning restraint on the process of market adjustment, including effects on house and land prices, on quantity of new housing supplied, and on density and related characteristics. The emphasis is on modelling the process of response in the medium term in a way which illuminates the interaction with demographic processes of household formation and migration. Use is made of a simulation model developed on the basis of cross-sectional data for local areas in England.
Determinants of high somatic-cell count prevalence in dairy herds practicing teat dipping and dry cow therapy and with no evidence of Streptococcus-agalactiae on repeated bulk tank milk examination
No full textPT: J; CR: 1982, SAS USERS GUIDE STAT BODOH GW, 1976, J DAIRY SCI, V59, P1119 BRAMLEY AJ, 1984, J DAIRY RES, V51, P481 BUSHNELL RB, 1984, 23RD P ANN M NAT MAS, P31 BUSHNELL RB, 1985, 24TH P ANN M NAT MAS, P45 DOHOO IR, 1982, CAN VET J, V23, P119 GALTON DM, 1984, 17TH P ANN C AM ASS, P108 GOODHOPE RG, 1980, CAN J COMP MED, V44, P351 HARVEY WR, 1982, J ANIM SCI, V54, P1067 HOARE RJT, 1979, AUST J DAIRY TECHNOL, V34, P91 HUESTON WD, 1987, PREV VET MED, V4, P447 KIRK JH, 1984, COMP CONT EDUC PRACT, V6, S237 LESLIE KE, 1983, COMPEND CONTIN ED P, V5, S601 LINDSTROM UB, 1983, ACTA AGR SCAND, V33, P389 MEIN GA, 1977, AUST J DAIRY TECHNOL, V32, P81 MINETT FC, 1933, J COMP PATH THERAP, V46, P131 MOXLEY JE, 1978, J DAIRY SCI, V61, P1637 NEWMAN LE, 1973, AM J VET RES, V34, P979 PEARSON JKL, 1972, VET REC, V91, P615 POSTLE DS, 1968, AM J VET RES, V29, P669 POSTLE DS, 1971, J MILK FOOD TECH, V34, P517 SMITH KL, 1983, J DAIRY SCI, V66, P1790 STABLEFORTH AW, 1935, J COMP PATHOL, V48, P300; NR: 23; TC: 11; J9: PREV VET MED; PG: 12; GA: DU955Source type: Electronic(1
Carbon isotope measurements across different Antarctic water environments
No full textProgress Code: completedIncreased aridity is of global concern. Polar regions provide an opportunity to monitor changes in bioavailable water free of local anthropogenic influences. However, sophisticated proxy measures are needed. We explored the possibility of using stable carbon isotopes in segments of moss as a fine-scale proxy for past bioavailable water. Variation in delta 13C with water availability was measured in three species across three peninsulas in the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica and verified using controlled chamber experiments. The delta 13C from Antarctic mosses accurately recorded long-term variations in water availability in the field, regardless of location, but significant disparities in delta 13C between species indicated some make more sensitive proxies. delta 13CSUGAR derived from living tissues can change significantly within the span of an Antarctic season (5 weeks) in chambers, but under field conditions, slow growth means that this technique likely represents multiple seasons. delta 13CCELLULOSE provides a precise and direct proxy for bioavailable water, allowing reconstructions for coastal Antarctica potentially over past centuries. <br/><br/>Stable isotopes as a proxy for water:<br/>Analysis of stable carbon isotopes (delta 13C) in moss tissues, where delta 13C values indicate water bioavailability in the environment during the growth season the tissue was produced. Elevated (less negative) delta 13C signatures indicate moss tissue is covered by water (causing diffusional limitations), while more negative delta 13C signatures are indicative of a drier growth environment. Long shoots of moss may be analysed to reconstruct past water availability over previous centuries. Methods as per Bramley-Alves et al. 2015.<br/><br/>Data sheets:<br/>1. Information<br/>2. Antarctic delta 13CBULK field measurements: Moss plugs (~ 2 cm2) of each species were collected from three peninsulas in the Windmill Islands (Robinsons Ridge, Baily and Clark) from hydric areas where moss is known to remain submerged throughout the season ('wet'), xeric areas where moss relies on ephemeral water sources such as snowfall ('dry' and mesic areas ('intermediate') in a transitional water environment. Each sample was identified at a cellular level by assessing between 5 to 6 leaves per plug under both a dissecting microscope (Leica, MS5, Australia) and at 10x and 40x magnification (Olympus, BHA, Japan).<br/>3. Antarctic TWC and moss cellulose comparison: To allow spot measurements of moss turf water content (TWC) to be compared with the visual estimates of long-term water environments and delta 13C, moss plugs were also sampled from established wet, intermediate and dry study sites across two permanent, long-term monitoring sites: Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) 135 on Bailey Peninsula and Robinson Ridge.<br/>4. Antarctic moss pilot chamber manipulations: A five-week pilot study was conducted (January - February 2012) to evaluate if delta 13CCELLULOSE and delta 13CSUGAR in Antarctic moss varied in response to changing water environments within a single Antarctic growth season. Five weeks was deemed ample time to generate sufficient new growth for analysis based on similar chamber studies that demonstrated growth rates of 9.87 plus or minus 0.83 mm for B. pseudotriquetrum and 5.17 plus or minus 0.39 mm for C. purpureus. Plugs (depth ~1 cm) of C. purpureus, S. antarctici and B. pseudotriquetrum) were collected from a range of water environments on Bailey peninsula. Samples were placed in microplates (24 well, Corning, Australia) and randomly allocated to one of three water treatments within growth chambers in the science laboratory at Casey station. The treatments represented three different environmental conditions: wet; where samples were kept submerged under more than 3 mm of water, intermediate; where samples were not submerged but were provided with an ample water supply, or dry; where samples were given the minimum level of water to allow growth (greater than 2 g H2O g-1 Dry Weight) and were never inundated. To avoid formation of a water film, dry samples were watered at the base of the moss core via a Pasteur pipette. Chambers were kept at a constant 15 degrees C with a natural summer photoperiod (22 hours ~700 umols m-2 s-1 PAR) to mirror moss turf conditions in the field during the summer growth period, where turf temperatures can reach greater than 20 degrees C. The reported photosynthetic optimum is 15 degrees C for both B. pseudotriquetrum and C. purpureus and greater than 15 degrees C for S. antarctici. Therefore, it was assumed that 15 degrees C was likely to produce sufficient new growth to capture the optimum kinetics of changes in delta 13C. Chamber relative humidity was greater than 60% (Kestrel 3500, Delta T, USA).<br/>5. Antarctic moss chamber manipulations: An extended 22-week study was conducted to evaluate if delta 13CCELLULOSE and delta 13CSUGAR in Antarctic moss varied in response to changing water environments over multiple Antarctic growth seasons. Sample collection and chamber conditions are as described above, however treatments were reduced to jus 'wet' and 'dry'. <br/>6. Antarctic leaf morphology: Cell wall thickness of all three species were recorded across both wet and dry field environments to examine if this could account for diffusional limitations and therefore affect delta 13C signatures. Samples were placed under a dissecting microscope (Leica, MS5, Australia) and five leaves removed and transferred to a glass slide. Five images of each species from each field environment were then captured using a digital camera (DCM510, 5M pixels) attached to a Microscope (Olympus, BHA, Japan) at 40x magnification and downloaded into Photoshop (Ver. CS6, Adobe) for analysis.<br/>7. Antarctic etiolation experiment: B. pseudotriquetrum samples (~ 2 cm2) were collected from similar growth environments (intermediate access to water on an East-facing slope) at Casey Station. Samples were grown for five weeks in chamber conditions (described above) under different levels (0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of artificial moss cover in the form of polystyrene pieces. Seven single gametophytes were randomly selected from each sample, with dead, juvenile and/or abnormal gametophytes excluded from the selection. Measurements were conducted using the microscope described directly above. Photosynthetic tissue length, leaf area and stem etiolation were recorded. The number of leaves was counted in the top 3.5 mm from the gametophyte tip. <br/>8. Antarctic transplant experiment: A full reciprocal transplant study was carried out (December - January 2013) across a water gradient at Casey station to test if intra-season changes in delta 13CSUGAR could be detected under field conditions. Plugs of each species (n = 24) collected from wet and dry environments were transferred to wet, intermediate and dry locations. Samples were randomly assigned to one of three metal trays and inserted into a foam mat that operated as a surrogate for moss turf in the treatment location. Initial delta 13CSUGAR was measured for nine samples per species to act as a control and to monitor d13CSUGAR changes within the season
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