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Effects of Interventions on Bias Detection
Full text linkWithout the ability to detect biased news, misinformation can spread easily. Are people able to detect biased headlines, and can this ability be improved? Do our own biases impair our ability to accurately detect biased headlines? To find out, an online experiment study was conducted wherein participants were randomly assigned to receive either anti-bias training or media history training. After completing the brief training, participants rated the bias of news headlines. Results indicated that participants were able to detect biased headlines, and this ability was significantly improved by the brief anti-bias training. Moreover, participants’ ability to detect biased headlines was modulated by their political affiliation and trust in the news. In conclusion, while biased news reporting can be a source of misinformation and can potentially mislead the public, we find that naive participants are reliably able to detect biased headlines and that this ability can be easily and quickly improved
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Investigating the Appropriate Unit of Analysis for Creative Cognition
No full textUnderstanding creativity begins with investigating its appropriate unit of analysis: what elements constitute and can sufficiently explain creative cognition, without leaving out any essential aspect? Is creativity sufficiently explained by the study of the human brain alone? Or does it go beyond the boundaries of the skull, such that the investigation of the external representations—movement, body, environment, etc.—can also provide essential insights into the nature of creative cognition?This dissertation investigates the appropriate units of analysis of expert-level mathematical creativity as a canonical example of highly abstract creative cognition. To do so, it draws on mathematicians’ self-report accounts, empirical studies, and formal modeling. It provides both causal and correlational evidence of multiple mechanisms through which external representations contribute to creative cognition. It thus argues that even highly abstract creative breakthroughs benefit—and in some cases arise—from interactions across distributed components including the brain, the body, the environment, and their interactions. Thus, a comprehensive account of mathematical creativity, and creative cognition in general, must go beyond the boundaries of the human skull and embrace external representations as well
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
When is a proof a satisfactory explanation for the reader?
Full text linkRecent literature in Education and Philosophy has emphasized the importance of explanatory proofs for both mathematical practice and pedagogy. However, it remains unclear when, exactly, a proof qualifies as an explanation for a reader. This thesis investigates one potential factor in a reader's satisfaction with a proof as an explanation: the agreement between the reader's conceptual metaphors and the proofs metaphorical language. A conceptual metaphor is a cognitive mechanism, first posited in Cognitive Linguistics, used to understand abstract concepts. When reading a proof involving continuity, do a reader's conceptual metaphors for continuity influence their satisfaction with the proof as an explanation? To answer this question, we conducted a case study of four students in an undergraduate course in Analysis. Using two semi-structured clinical interviews - conducted before and after the classroom lecture on continuity - we determined the subjects' conceptual metaphors for continuity and their satisfaction with three proofs as explanations. Before instruction, every subject appeared to understand continuity using the CONTINUITY IS GAPLESSNFSS metaphor. After instruction, a new metaphor was apparent: CONTINUITY IS PRESERVATION OF CLOSENESS. The post-instruction interview presented three proofs of the same theorem, which - while mathematically equivalent - differed in their metaphorical language. The subjects were more satisfied with a proof as an explanation when it employed metaphorical language that reflected their own conceptual metaphors. Thus, the results support the conjecture that a reader's conceptual metaphors playa role in their satisfaction with a proof as an explanation. We discuss implications for teachin
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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Gestural Relativity of Spatial Cognition: Speakers' co-speech gestures shape listeners' spatial frame of reference
Full text linkTo think about objects' locations, people adopt a spatial frame of reference anchored either to their own body (egocentric; e.g., left vs. right) or to something external (allocentric; e.g., cardinal directions). Within cultures, people habitually rely on the same frame of reference, manifested in language, gesture, and memory. How are these norms transmitted? One account, linguistic relativity, argues they are transmitted through language. Here we explore a complementary route: gesture. In a between-subjects experiment (N = 70), we manipulated the spatial frame of reference used in gesture to describe table-top locations. As predicted, participants reliably adopted this frame of reference in a subsequent spatial search task, even after the speaker stopped gesturing. This suggests that a speaker's gesture has the capacity to reshape listeners' spatial reasoning. We argue that this offers a mechanism for "gestural relativity," which we consider in light of a larger cognitive-ecological perspective on spatial cognition
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