22 research outputs found
Severe interference between strong forms of LTP and LTD within the same dendritic compartment.
No full text<p>(<b>A</b>): Strong LTD induced in the apical pathway S1 remains unaltered (top blue trace), while the subsequent expression of strong LTP induced in the apical pathway S2 is reduced (bottom blue trace). Time interval between inductions is 45 min. To facilitate visualization of the interference, the expression of control (unpaired) strong LTD (top) and strong LTP (bottom) is shown in all panels (grey traces). (<b>B</b>): Reversing the roles produces an even stronger interference. Strong LTP induced in the apical pathway S2 (bottom blue trace) blocks the subsequent expression of strong LTD induced in the apical pathway S1 (top blue trace). Time interval between inductions is 45 min. (<b>C</b>): The interference of strong LTD (apical pathway S1, top blue trace) over the expression of strong LTP (apical pathway S2, bottom blue trace) is much more substantial with a shorter time interval between inductions (15 min). (<b>D</b>): With the same time interval (15 min), strong LTP (apical pathway S2, bottom blue trace) blocks the subsequent expression of strong LTD (apical pathway S1, top blue trace). (<b>E</b>): Despite the apparent dominance of the interference of LTP over LTD, simultaneous induction of strong LTD (apical pathway S1, top blue trace) and strong LTP (apical pathway S2, bottom blue trace) results in reduced expression of LTP. (<b>F</b>): Graphs representing LTP change (top) and LTD change (bottom) indexes (see text for details). Negative time intervals correspond to the change in the first induced form of synaptic plasticity, positive time intervals correspond to the change in the second (subsequent) form of synaptic plasticity. Note that either LTP or LTD when first induced shows an index change around 1 (no interference). In contrast, LTP and LTD change indexes are smaller than 1 (interference) for the second induced form of plasticity. Also note that as the time interval between inductions increases the magnitude of interference (measured as the LTP or LTD change) decreases for the second induced form of plasticity. At time interval 0 min, LTP change is smaller than 1, while LTD change is about 1. Each independent data set was obtained from 6 mice. S1 and S2 represent independent afferents synapsing on the apical dendritic compartment. Representative traces are shown (gray: control; dark gray: interaction; 1: baseline, 2 after synaptic plasticity induction). Scale bar is 2 mV and 5 msec. Enlarged traces are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029865#pone.0029865.s001" target="_blank">Fig. S1</a>.</p
Inteligentne opakowania - badania i rozwój
No full textPackaging also fosters effective marketing of the food through distribution and sale channels. It is of the utmost importance to optimize the protection of the food, a great quality and appearance - better than typical packaged foods. In recent years, intelligent packaging became very popular. Intelligent packaging is becoming more and more widely used for food products. Application of this type of solution contributes to improvement of the quality consumer life undoubtedly. Intelligent packaging refers to a package that can sense environmental changes, and in turn, informs the users about the changes. These packaging systems contain devices that are capable of sensing and providing information about the functions and properties of the packaged foods. Also, this paper will review intelligent packaging technologies and describe different types of indicators (time-temperature indicators, freshness indicators).Opakowania umożliwiają efektywny marketing żywności przy zastosowaniu różnych kanałów sprzedaży i dystrybucji. Najważniejszym zadaniem jest optymalizacja ochrony żywności, jej jakości i wyglądu. W przeciągu ostatnich lat, wzrasta popularność opakowań inteligentnych, które zaczynają być stosowane dla coraz to większej liczby produktów żywnościowych. Zastosowania ich przyczyniają się do poprawy życia konsumenta.
Określenie "opakowania inteligentne" stosuje się do opakowań wyczuwających zmiany w otoczeniu oraz będących w stanie informować o tych zmianach. Systemy opakowaniowe zawierają w sobie urządzenia wykrywające i dostarczające informacji dotyczących stanu zapakowanej żywności. Praca ta dokonuje przeglądu technologii opakowań inteligentnych oraz opisuje różnego rodzaju wskaźniki (temperatury, czasu i świeżości)
María Zambrano Exilios: raíz y rupturas del tiempo
No full textEl tiempo de infancia integrado a su origen andaluz está presente en la obra de la pensadora, así como el de su adolescencia, ambos hondamente fundidos en su sentir con la visión de las correspondencias de Baudelaire. El tiempo de elección se difunde en dos vertientes: la filosofía y más tarde, con el devenir español en 1931, la historia. Mas la realidad zambraniana integra el sueño en sus diversas significaciones. La pérdida de la guerra civil española conlleva un tiempo de exilio, no solo de las personas sino de la palabra, que deviene profecía. Zambrano recurre al mito de Antígona, que en feliz simbiosis con el de Perséfone sostiene la palabra en un tiempo-olvido, como en las catacumbas, hasta que se abra la temporalidad a esa música que anuncia la palabra verdadera.The period of childhood –assimilated with her Andalusian origin– and also that of her adolescence are present in the author’s work and both are deeply fused in her feelings with a vision of Baudelaire’s correspondences. The moment of choice takes two paths: first that of philosophy and later, following developments in Spain in 1931, that of history. Yet Zambranian reality incorporates the dream aspect in its multiple readings. The ensuing defeat in the war entails a time of exile, not only for people, but also for the word, which becomes prophecy. The author turns to the myth of Antigone which, in perfect symbiosis with that of Persephone, suspends the word in time-oblivion, as in a catacomb, until temporality shall embrace the music that announces the word of truth
Experimental investigation of the brittle-viscous transition in mafic rocks – Interplay between fracturing, reaction, and viscous deformation
No full textInternational audienceRock deformation experiments are performed on fault gouge fabricated from ‘Maryland Diabase’ rock powder to investigate the transition from dominant brittle to dominant viscous behaviour. At the imposed strain rates of View the MathML sourceγ˙=3·10−5−3·10−6 s−1, the transition is observed in the temperature range of (600 °C < T < 800 °C) at confining pressures of (0.5 GPa ≤ Pc ≤ 1.5 GPa). The transition thereby takes place by a switch from brittle fracturing and cataclastic flow to viscous dissolution-precipitation creep and grain boundary sliding. Mineral reactions and resulting grain size refinement by nucleation are observed to be critical processes for the switch to viscous deformation, i.e., grain size sensitive creep. In the transitional regime, the mechanical response of the sample is a mixed-mode between brittle and viscous rheology and microstructures associated with both brittle and viscous deformation are observed. As grain size reduction by reaction and nucleation is a time dependent process, the brittle-viscous transition is not only a function of T but to a large extent also of microstructural evolution
Measurements of rat behavior during open field, passive place avoidance and active place avoidance.
No full text<p>Rats received either sham- or moderate-CCI. Beginning one hour after surgery the rats received either saline, cyclosporine (CYCLO) simvastatin (SIM), progesterone (PROG), minocycline (MINO), n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or MINO plus NAC. Seven days later all groups were tested on the hierarchy of three behavioral tasks. In the open field test, there was no effect of treatment on total distance traveled (F<sub>7,40</sub> = 0.40, p>0.8). In passive place avoidance, there was no effect of treatment on either average distance over 4 trials or shock zone entrances (total distance, F<sub>7,40</sub> = 0.67, p>0.6; entrances, F<sub>7,40</sub> = 0.48, p>0.8). In massed active place avoidance testing on the 6<sup>th</sup> trial of the first day, there was no effect of treatment on speed (F<sub>7,40</sub> = 0.44, p>0.8) or linearity (F<sub>7,40</sub> = 0.25, p>0.9)). The number of shocks per entrance in CCI-saline treated rats was not changed by the drugs individually or in combination (F<sub>7,40</sub> = 0.39, p>0.6). In contrast, there was a significant treatment effect with MINO or MINO plus NAC significantly improved time to first entrance (F<sub>4,35</sub> = 26.7, p<0.0001; **p<0.001, *p<0.05; post-hoc test).</p
MINO plus NAC synergistically improved active place avoidance during spaced training that requires 24-hour memory.
No full text<p><b>Panel A</b>, Experimental Design. Rats received moderate CCI or sham-injury. Saline or drug treatments were administered 1 hour, 1 day and 2 days after injury. Beginning 8 days after injury, rats received spaced training of active place avoidance consisting of a 20-minute trial each day for 15 days. <b>Panel B</b>, The number of entrances into the shock zone measured overall avoidance learning. <b>Panel C</b>, Time to 1st entrance into the shock zone measured learning that depended on 24-hour retention. These data suggest that long-term memory was improved by MINO plus NAC but not MINO. MINO plus NAC acted synergistically since the improvement in time to enter the shock zone occurred only with co-administration of both drugs.</p
MINO or MINO plus NAC prevented IL-1β formation when administered before moderate CCI.
No full text<p>Rats were dosed with saline, MINO, NAC or both drugs 3 hours prior to sham- or moderate CCI. The rats were sacrificed one hour after surgery; and IL-1β and tubulin levels were assayed from protein extracts prepared from hippocampus. <b>Panel A</b>, Representative Il-1β and tubulin immunoblot analysis, <b>Panel B</b>, Summary of immunoblot analysis.</p
MINO plus NAC synergistically improved active place avoidance after massed training.
No full text<p>Panel A, Rats received either CCI or sham-CCI. One hour, one or days later the sham-injured the CCI-injured rats were divided into 4 groups; one group received saline treatment. The remaining CCI-injured rats received either MINO or NAC alone, or the combination of MINO plus NAC. Saline or drug treatments were administered 1 hour, 1 day and 2 days after injury. Rats received active place avoidance training 8 and 9 days after injury. On the 8th and 9th day following CCI, the number of shock zone entrances was measured. <b>Panel B</b>, Representative tracks of rats in the sham-CCI-saline, CCI-saline or CCI-MINO plus NAC groups on the 6<sup>th</sup> trial on the first day of active avoidance training. Red lines indicate the boundaries of the shock zone and the red circles indicate the location were a rat received a shock. <b>Panel C</b>, Summary of the number of shock zone entrances over the two days of active place avoidance.</p
MINO provided a modest improvement of active place avoidance following moderate CCI.
No full text<p>The total number of entrances into the shock zone was assayed in the 6 trials of active place avoidance training.</p
