1,720,955 research outputs found
Die aktuellen Strafrechtsreformversuche in Polen. Eine Analyse
Get PDFThe author discusses the main ideas behind the proposed reform of the criminal law in light of the project conveyed to the Polish Sejm on the 15th of May 2014. The proposed changes, being the most significant ones since the recodification of the criminal law in 1997, are based on the correct presumption that the deficiencies in current Polish criminal policy lead to overly repressive criminal law. A detailed analysis of the project, however, shows that it is not free from failures, in terms of both the formulation of legal norms as well as the reforms to institutions of the criminal law with respect to the application of penalties. It also does not take into account the arguments formulated in recent years regarding the reform of the criminal law. This leads to the conclusion thatthe proposed changes, though rightly focused on improving the most fundamental tools of criminal policy, nonetheless have the character of an ad hoc reform, which even had some elements of penal populism, influencing in such a negative way the shape of the criminal law in recent years. Yet most of those controversial changes have been abandoned during the parliamentary works on this since 1.07.2015 binding law.The author discusses the main ideas behind the proposed reform of the criminal law in light of the project conveyed to the Polish Sejm on the 15th of May 2014. The proposed changes, being the most significant ones since the recodification of the criminal law in 1997, are based on the correct presumption that the deficiencies in current Polish criminal policy lead to overly repressive criminal law. A detailed analysis of the project, however, shows that it is not free from failures, in terms of both the formulation of legal norms as well as the reforms to institutions of the criminal law with respect to the application of penalties. It also does not take into account the arguments formulated in recent years regarding the reform of the criminal law. This leads to the conclusion thatthe proposed changes, though rightly focused on improving the most fundamental tools of criminal policy, nonetheless have the character of an ad hoc reform, which even hadsome elements of penal populism, influencing in such a negative way the shape of the criminal law in recent years. Yet most of those controversial changes have been abandoned during the parliamentary works on this since 1.07.2015 binding law
A Breach of the Norms of Cautiousness as Fundament for Criminal Responsibility
No full textThis paper attempts to investigate the question of the norms of cautiousness in criminal law. It appears that while in civil law countries the breach of those norms, manifested in external conduct, is a necessary premise for stating that an agent has committed an unintentional crime, common law countries tend to perceive carelessness or incautiousness merely as a state of mind. Consequently, exemption from responsibility in the event of a cautious behaviour is problematic and is resolved by a means of a host of different institutions, like the reasonable man figure. Such an approach does not appear to be fully convincing. Instead, the importance of the norms of cautiousness in criminal law should be more explicit, as it is in Scots law or in the legal systems of a number of civil law countries, which would eliminate the risk of serious injustice while still punishing individuals for unintentional crimes.</jats:p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Walka z terroryzmem jako zadanie prawa karnego – uwagi na marginesie wprowadzenia do Kodeksu karnego art. 259a
Get PDFBy virtue of the Anti-Terrorist Act of 10 June 2016, the provisions of the Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of terrorism have been incorporated into to the Polish legal system. As the result, a new Article 259a has been added to the Polish Penal Code. A short analysis of this new regulation conducted within this paper has revealed a number of profound doubts about its wording and its possible interpretations. The legislator appears to be clearly violating the basic principles of good criminal law by valuing twice the same the intent of a perpetrator: primarily as the very ratio legis of criminalization and secondly as the basis for theobligatorily increased severity of punishment. Consequently, the perpetrator is being punished for a normally legal act yet committed with a special intent and because of this special intent is being punished more severely (sic!). Those doubts constitute the starting point for more general considerations about the choice of a proper method of criminal reaction to prohibited acts committed by the perpetrators, whose the motifs are considered to have been especially noxious, like in the case of the terrorists. The analysis has led to a conclusion that the current shape of the regulations in Poland aimed at combating the growing phenomena of terrorism gives rise to seriousdoubts about their inner coherence and congruence with the constitutional norms. It is to be hoped that as soon as the full democratic procedures in Poland are restored they will be verified by a competent and independent constitutional court.Mocą ustawy z dnia ustawa z dnia 10 czerwca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych do polskiego porządku prawnego implementowane zostały postanowienia Protokołu dodatkowego Konwencji Rady Europy o Zapobieganiu Terroryzmowi, w wyniku czego do Kodeksu karnego dodano m.in. art. 259a. Analiza tej regulacji wywołuje szereg wątpliwości o charakterze dogmatycznym, chociażby z powodu dwukrotnego wartościowania szczególnego zamiaru sprawcy, po pierwsze - jako ratio legis kryminalizacji, po drugie - jako podstawa do obligatoryjnego zaostrzenia kary. Wątpliwości te stanowią punkt wyjścia rozważań o charakterze bardziej ogólnym, tj. wyboru właściwego sposobu prawnokarnej reakcji na czynu zabronione sprawców działających z pobudek zasługujących na szczególne potępienie. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że obecny kształt regulacji ukierunkowanych na zwalczanie coraz bardziej rozpowszechnionego w Europie niebezpiecznego zjawiska terroryzmu budzi poważne zastrzeżenia co do ich wewnętrznej spójności oraz zgodności z normami konstytucyjnymi
- …
