1,720,973 research outputs found
Sviluppo di protocolli per la sorveglianza e il contenimento di parassiti alloctoni nei punti di ingresso e negli ambienti limitrofi
No full textL'aumento del commercio internazionale ha portato ad un aumento del rischio di introdurre nuove specie aliene. Gli insetti sono una delle classi di maggior successo e negli ultimi decenni il numero di specie di insetti aliene invasive in Europa è aumentato esponenzialmente. Diversi regolamenti, protocolli e strumenti sono stati sviluppati al fine di prevenire nuove introduzioni e possono essere classificati a seconda della fase dell’invasione su cui agiscono. La border surveillance viene applicata nella fase iniziale del processo di invasione, nei punti di ingresso (es. porti, aeroporti) ed è finalizzata a prevenire l'insediamento di una specie aliena appena arrivata. La post-border surveillance, invece, viene applicata al primo stadio di insediamento e mira a individuare le specie aliene che sono sfuggite alla sorveglianza di confine quando il livello di popolazione è ancora basso. Infine, quando una specie invasiva si è stabilita, si possono applicare protocolli di eradicazione o di contenimento per ridurre gli impatti economici e ambientali. L'obiettivo generale di questa tesi è quello di fornire nuovi strumenti e protocolli utili per contrastare il problema delle specie aliene invasive in Europa. Questa tesi è suddivisa in tre sezioni, una per ogni stadio della sorveglianza fitosanitaria. Per la sezione sulla border surveillance, è stata studiata l'efficacia di una nuova trappola luminosa adesiva da utilizzare all'interno dei container durante la spedizione. I risultati sono stati positivi con tutte le specie testate: l'uso di luce bianca, ultravioletta o rossa è la soluzione migliore contro Ditteri e Lepitotteri, mentre la luce rossa è la più efficacie per i Coleotteri, ma è necessario l'uso di un vischio entomologico più forte per garantirne la cattura. Per la sezione sulla post-border surveillance, è stato studiato come migliorare i protocolli di cattura per cerambicidi e buprestidi al fine di massimizzare le catture anche di scolitidi. I risultati hanno mostrato che le trappole scure (nere o viola) posizionate al livello del sottobosco e le trappole verdi posizionate nella chioma, tutte attivate con una miscela composta da feromoni di cerambicidi e sostanze volatili delle piante ospiti, sono la migliore combinazione. Inoltre è stato studiato un protocollo di cattura efficace contro Anoplophora chinensis Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), un coleottero asiatico estremamente polifago introdotto in Europa. Sono stati analizzati diversi modelli di trappole, attrattivi e posizioni delle trappole e la migliore combinazione è stata l'utilizzo di trappole cross-vane morbide con la miscela di attrattivi Synergy e posizionate nella chioma degli alberi. Per la sezione sui protocolli di contenimento ed eradicazione, sono stati condotti due studi su due importanti coleotteri xilofagi invasivi. Nella prima ricerca sono state studiate la capacità di dispersione e i fattori che influenzano la dispersione del Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), un importante parassita dei noceti. Una dispersione media annua di circa 9 km è stata stimata, con picchi di oltre 40 km; i fattori che influenzano il rischio di infestazione sono la distanza tra un frutteto sano e uno infestato, la dimensione del frutteto e la specie di noce. I risultati hanno evidenziato l'inadeguatezza delle misure di contenimento adottate finora. Infine, è stato presentato il caso del programma di eradicazione intrapreso nel comune di Cornuda (provincia di Treviso, Italia) contro Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Tutte le azioni applicate durante il protocollo (la sorveglianza degli alberi suscettibili, l’abbattimento e la distruzione degli alberi infestati, i protocolli di monitoraggio con trappole, il piano di mitigazione e la comunicazione con i cittadini) sono state accuratamente descritte al fine di fornire una guida utile per future eradicazioni.Increased international trade has led to an increased risk of introducing new alien species. Insects are one of the most succesfull groups of invaders and in the last decades the number of alien insect species invading Europe increased exponentially. Several regulations, protocols and tools were developed in order to prevent new introductions or mitigate their effects and they can be classified depending on the targeted invasion stage. Border surveillance is applied at the initial stage of the invasion process, at points-of-entry (i.e., ports, airports) and it aims to prevent the establishment of an alien species just arrived. Post-border surveillance, instead, is applied at the first establishment stage and it aims to detect alien species that eluded border surveillance when the population level is still low. Lastly, when an invasive species is established, eradication or containment protocols can be applied to reduce economic and environmental impacts. The general aim of this thesis is to provide new tools and protocols useful for contrasting the problem of the invasive alien species in Europe. The thesis is divided into three sections, one for each stage of the biosecurity surveillance. For the border surveillance section, the effectiveness of a new light-sticky trap for the use inside containers during shipment was investigated. Results are positive for all the tested species: the use of white, ultraviolet or red light is the best solution against Diptera and Lepitoptera, whereas red light is the most attractive for Coleoptera, but the use of stronger entomological glue is required to ensure their capture. For the post-border surveillance section, trapping protocols for longhorn and jewel beetles were improved in order to maximizes catches also of ambrosia and bark beetles. Results showed that dark (black or purple) traps set in the understory and green traps set in the canopy, all of them baited with a blend composed by longhorn beetle pheromones and host volatiles, are the best combination. Then, an effective trapping protocol was explored against Anoplophora chinensis Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an extremely polyphagous Asian beetle introduced in Europe. Different trap models, lures and trap positions were tested and the best combination is the use of a soft cross-vane trap baited with the Synergy blend and set in the crown of trees. For the containment and eradication protocols section, two studies on two important invasive wood-boring beetles were conducted. In the first research the dispersal capacity and factors affecting dispersal of Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), an important pest of walnut orchards, were investigated. An annual mean distance was estimated in about 9 km, with peaks of over 40 km; factors affecting the risk of infestation are the distance between an healty orchard and an infested one, the size of the orchard and the walnut species. Results highlighted the inadequacy of the containment measures adopted so far. Lastly, the successful eradication program undertaken in Cornuda municipality (Treviso province, Italy) against Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) was presented. All the actions applied during the protocol (suitable trees survey, felling and destruction of infested trees, trapping protocol, mitigation plan and communication with citizens) were accurately described in order to provide a usefull guide for future eradications
The first full host plant dataset of Curculionidae Scolytinae of the world: tribe Xyleborini LeConte, 1876
Full text linkXyleborini is the largest tribe of Scolytinae accounting for about 1300 species worldwide; all species are primarily xylomycetophagous, developing on symbiotic fungi farmed in plant woody tissues. Xyleborini wood-boring action, associated with the inoculum of symbiotic fungi, can lead, sometimes, to the emergence of host plant dieback, wood damage and death; for this reason, multiple Xyleborini are major pests on both cultivated, forest and ornamental trees. Many Xyleborini are invasive worldwide and great effort is expended to manage their biological invasions or prevent new arrivals. Imports of host plants often have a primary role as a pathway for introduction and are frequently responsible for the establishment of species in non-native environments. In this context, data availability on Xyleborini host plants is a major limiting factor in the development of effective detection and monitoring strategies as well as a fundamental variable to consider in risk assessment of plant pests and invasive species. This contribution provides updated host records and the hosts economic categorization for the 1293 Xyleborini known worldwide to date
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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