1,721,026 research outputs found
Hopelessness: A Network Analysis
Full text linkHopelessness is a complex phenomenon with important clinical consequences, such as depression and suicidality. Despite its major impact on mental health, little is known about the structure of hopelessness. In this study, hopelessness was investigated in a large community sample (n = 1985), recruited to be highly representative of general population in Germany. In the context of network analysis, state-of-the-art techniques were adopted (i) to investigate which thoughts and beliefs (nodes) are the most central ones and (ii) to shed light on the specific associations (edges) among them. Stability and accuracy were also checked to ensure trustworthiness of the findings. The analyses revealed that expecting more negative than positive future events and having important goals blocked along with feelings of giving-up were the most central elements of hopelessness. Moreover, being unable to imagine the future and perceiving it as vague and uncertain were both coupled with anticipating a dark future. Theoretical and clinical consequences of this study were discussed
Unveiling the Necessary Conditions for Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Necessary Condition Analysis Study
No full textAdolescent depressive symptoms are a major global health concern, with a higher prevalence observed among females. While numerous risk factors have been identified, limited research has examined necessary conditions - factors whose absence ensures symptoms do not occur. Crucially, no prior study has explored gender differences in these necessary conditions during adolescence. To address this gap, the present study assessed 292 female adolescents (Mage = 15.23, SDage = 0.63; 72.26% White, 17.47% Black, 4.12% mixed race, 1.03% Asian, 0.34% Native American, 4.79% Latinx ethnicity), and 164 male adolescents (Mage = 15.27, SDage = 0.69; 76.83% White, 9.76% Black, 3.05% mixed race, 1.22% Asian, 1.83% Native American, other racial categories 1.22%, 6.10% Latinx ethnicity) recruited from a public high school in the United States, for cognitive vulnerabilities (e.g., dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, negative cognitive triad, automatic thoughts, negative cognitive style, and brooding) and stressful life events at baseline. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline and again after 12 months. Results from Necessary Condition Analysis revealed marked gender differences. For females, all assessed cognitive vulnerabilities and stressful life events were identified as necessary conditions for the development of depressive symptoms after 12 months. In contrast, none of these variables were found to be necessary conditions in males. Notably, 54.17% of females met the necessary conditions, classifying them as at-risk. These findings underscore the importance of distinguishing between genders when investigating necessary conditions for adolescent depression, as males and females are likely to exhibit different profiles of necessary factors. Necessary Condition Analysis offers a valuable framework to guide the development of targeted early prevention interventions in adolescence
Shaping our personal past: Assessing the phenomenology of autobiographical memory and its association with object and spatial imagery
Full text linkA new instrument has been developed that allows a comprehensive assessment of the relevant dimensions of the phenomenology of autobiographical memories (Assessment of the Phenomenology of Autobiographical Memory, APAM), and their association with visual object and spatial imagery has been examined. An initial version of APAM consisting of 30 items (the first 28 measured on a seven-point Likert-type scale) was developed and administered to a sample of 138 undergraduates. To test whether each item consistently measured the same dimension across different memories, all questions were rated for 12 cues. Results showed that 25 Likert-type items possessed adequate levels of internal consistency and unidimensionality across cues. We also found that higher levels of visual object imagery were associated with more sensory details and recollective qualities of memory, and with stronger experience of sensory and emotional reliving. The theoretical and practical usefulness of APAM as well as the relevance of visual object imagery in the phenomenology of autobiographical memory are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Self-Regulation Through Rumination: Consequences and Mechanisms
Full text linkSelf-regulation through rumination: Consequences and mechanism
Do daily dynamics in rumination and affect predict depressive symptoms and trait rumination? An experience sampling study
Full text linkBackground and objectives: Rumination has been shown to prospectively predict the onset of depression. However, it is unclear how rumination and affect in daily life influence the development of depressive symptoms. The present study examined whether the structure of dynamics in rumination and affect could prospectively predict depressive symptoms and trait rumination in an undergraduate sample (n = 63). Methods: The main index used was entropy, which reflects the instability of a system’s structure. Momentary rumination and affect were assessed eight times per day for a period of seven days. Additionally, depressive symptoms and trait rumination were measured at the beginning of the experiment and at six weeks follow-up. Results: The results showed that entropy significantly predicted trait rumination at follow-up (and depressive symptoms at trend level) while taking into account baseline depressive symptoms and trait rumination. Limitations: The follow-up measurements conducted six weeks after the baseline were relatively short. Further research may test the predictive effect of the structure over a longer period and confirm its effect by using different indices that describe the structure. Conclusions: These findings indicate that examining the structure of the dynamics in momentary rumination and affect holds promise for understanding the risk for depression
Which psychosocial risks are necessary for developing depression during adolescence? A novel approach applying necessary condition analysis
Full text linkObjective Although many factors predict adolescent depression, risks that operate as necessary conditions (ie, absence of the factor conveys absence of the outcome) have been largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate which psychosocial risk factors might serve as necessary conditions for future onset of depression across adolescence. Method At baseline, cognitive and personality risks, symptom severity, stressful events, and past depression history were assessed among 382 adolescents (225 girls; mean age = 12.6), who were then followed over 2 years with repeated diagnostic interviews to ascertain depression onset. An innovative statistical approach in mental health research, necessary condition analysis, was applied. Results Baseline rumination (d = 0.50), stressful events (d = 0.37), depressive symptoms (d = 0.23), and self-criticism (d = 0.35) all emerged as significant necessary conditions for adolescents to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder over the subsequent 24 months. Overall, 13.5% of the sample did not show all the necessary conditions (ie, they lacked 1 or more conditions) and were therefore virtually immune from experiencing 1 or more major depressive episodes over the follow-up, and 65.5% did not meet all those conditions for experiencing 3 or more major depressive episodes (ie, recurrent depression). Conclusion These findings can inform future theory building and testing as well as clinical applications via screening of necessary risk to future pediatric depression so that youth who may most benefit from effective interventions can be identified
Brain and intersubjectivity: A Hegelian hypothesis on the self-other neurodynamics
Full text linkBrain and intersubjectivity: a Hegelian hypothesis on the self-other neurodynamic
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