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Die politische Ökonomie des Kohleausstiegs - eine multimethodische Studie
No full textCoal is the single largest source of GHG emissions. Hence, mitigating climate change necessitates a swift phase-out of coal power. However, transitioning away from coal poses multiple challenges. Countries may have a variety of reasons to invest in coal, many of which are related to interests of powerful actors. These incumbents can resist coal transitions and related policies. Furthermore, coal transitions have shown to increase inequalities between countries, regions, and population groups, which is known to diminish public and political support. In this doctoral thesis, I scrutinize the following short yet complex question: “How can countries effectively phase out coal?”
The five central chapters to the dissertation analyse various aspects of the political economy of coal transitions using qualitative and quantitative methods. Chapter 2 produces a systematic map of historical coal transitions to identify past transitions and their drivers, barriers, and outcomes. The next three chapters analyse the current situation of coal to inform future transition strategies: Chapter 3 applies topic modelling on interviews to discover similarities in terms of coal deployment and reasons thereof across 12 countries; Chapter 4 takes a closer look at the case of the Philippines through expert interviews by identifying relevant actors in energy decision making, their objectives, and contextual factors; Chapter 5 takes a global perspective and tracks the funding and technology flows for coal plants – from the financing to the recipient countries – using a novel dataset and semi-structured interviews. Chapter 6 sheds light on future coal transitions and intends to predict countries’ difficulties to retire coal plants early using a random forest regression.
Specifically, these chapters provide relevant insights into historical coal transitions, political economy patterns across countries, finance for coal plants, and future coal plant retirements. First, the dissertation reveals coal transitions that took place worldwide, most of which were driven by policymakers. Second, the political economy of coal is uncovered, which shows similar patterns across countries when looking at aspects such as actors, the progress of coal transitions, and the importance of governance. Third, while those countries where coal plants are build are decisive for the ongoing construction, financing countries seize the opportunity to also support their domestic industries in response to excess manufacturing capacity. Fourth, early retirement of coal plants could have high emissions-saving benefits, yet many countries find themselves locked into coal consumption.
Unsurprisingly, the findings do not yield an easy answer to the guiding question raised above, but they allow me to distil three important points for the academic and political debate on effective coal transitions. First, timely coal transitions are required to stay below the Paris temperature targets, including an imminent halt to construction and the rapid retirement of operating units. The thesis finds that ongoing coal transitions take decades, and that the current construction of new units will increase difficulties to phase out coal in the future. Second, policymakers are key to foster and manage coal transitions. The former is required to reduce coal production and consumption, the latter to ease negative effects and increase acceptability. These policies can be implemented on the regional and national level of countries that currently construct and operate coal plants. Moreover, policymakers in financing countries and the international community can support coal transitions abroad. Third, transition strategies need to consider country-specific characteristics. Policies tailored to the political economy of a country are indispensable to coal transitions. Simultaneously, countries with similar characteristics can learn from each other. Cross-country policy learning for coal transitions can be supported by policymakers and researchers.Die Verbrennung von Kohle zur Stromerzeugung ist die größte Treibhausgasemissionsquelle der Energiesysteme. Um den Klimawandel einzudämmen, ist daher ein rascher Ausstieg aus der Kohleverstromung erforderlich. Die Abkehr von der Kohle ist jedoch mit zahlreichen Herausforderungen verbunden. Länder können eine Vielzahl von Gründen haben, in Kohle zu investieren, von denen viele mit Eigeninteressen mächtiger Akteur*innen zusammenhängen. Diese etablierten Akteur*innen können sich dem Kohleausstieg und den damit verbundenen Maßnahmen widersetzen. Außerdem hat sich gezeigt, dass die Abkehr von der Kohleverstromung die Ungleichheiten zwischen Ländern, Regionen und Bevölkerungsgruppen verstärkt, was bekanntermaßen die öffentliche und politische Unterstützung schwächt. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich die folgende kurze, aber komplexe Frage: "Wie können Länder effektiv aus der Kohle aussteigen?"
In den fünf zentralen Kapiteln der Dissertation werden verschiedene Aspekte der politischen Ökonomie des Kohleausstiegs mit qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden analysiert. In Kapitel 2 wird eine systematische Karte historischer Kohleausstiege erstellt, um vergangene Transformationen und ihre Triebkräfte, Hindernisse und Ergebnisse zu ermitteln. In den nächsten drei Kapiteln wird die aktuelle Situation der Kohle analysiert, um Informationen über künftige Ausstiegsstrategien zu erhalten: Kapitel 3 wendet ‚Topic Modelling‘ auf Interviews an, um Ähnlichkeiten in Bezug auf den Einsatz von Kohle und die Gründe dafür in 12 Ländern herauszuarbeiten; Kapitel 4 nimmt die Philippinen anhand von Expert*inneninterviews genauer unter die Lupe, indem es relevante Akteur*innen bei Energieentscheidungen, ihre Ziele und Kontextfaktoren ermittelt; Kapitel 5 nimmt eine globale Perspektive ein und verfolgt die Finanzierungs- und Technologieströme für Kohlekraftwerke - von der Finanzierung bis zu den Empfänger*innen - anhand eines neuartigen Datensatzes und semi-strukturierter Interviews. Kapitel 6 wirft ein Licht auf zukünftige Kohleausstiege und versucht, die Schwierigkeiten der Länder bei der vorzeitigen Stilllegung von Kohlekraftwerken mithilfe einer ‚Random-Forest-Regression‘ vorherzusagen.
Diese Kapitel bieten relevante Einblicke in historische Kohleausstiege, länderübergreifende politökonomische Muster, die Finanzierung und künftige Stilllegungen von Kohlekraftwerken. Erstens zeigt die Dissertation, dass Kohleausstiege weltweit stattgefunden haben, wobei die politischen Entscheidungsträger*innen die treibende Kraft waren. Zweitens wird die politische Ökonomie der Kohle aufgedeckt, die bei der Betrachtung von Aspekten wie den Akteur*innen, dem Fortschritt des Kohleausstiegs und der Bedeutung der politischen Lenkung länderübergreifend ähnliche Muster aufweist. Drittens: Während die Länder, in denen Kohlekraftwerke gebaut werden, ausschlaggebend für deren weiteren Bau sind, ergreifen die finanzierenden Länder die Gelegenheit, als Reaktion auf überschüssige Produktionskapazitäten ihre heimische Industrie zu unterstützen. Viertens könnte die frühzeitige Stilllegung von Kohlekraftwerken hohe Emissionseinsparungen mit sich bringen, doch viele Länder sind auf den Kohlekonsum angewiesen.
Ich finde keine einfache Antwort auf die oben gestellte Leitfrage, aber möchte drei wichtige Punkte für die akademische und politische Debatte über einen effektiven Kohleausstieg hervorheben. Erstens ist ein schneller Kohleausstieg erforderlich, um die Pariser Temperaturziele nicht zu überschreiten, einschließlich eines baldigen Baustopps und der raschen Stilllegung laufender Kraftwerke. Der Ausstieg aus der Kohlekraft dauert Jahrzehnte und der derzeitige Bau neuer Blöcke wird den künftigen Ausstieg aus der Kohle noch schwieriger machen. Zweitens sind die politischen Entscheidungsträger*innen der Schlüssel zur Förderung und Steuerung des Kohleausstiegs. Erstere ist erforderlich, um die Kohleproduktion und den Verbrauch zu verringern, Letztere, um die negativen Auswirkungen zu mildern und die Akzeptanz für die Veränderungen zu erhöhen. Diese Maßnahmen können auf regionaler und nationaler Ebene in den Ländern umgesetzt werden, die momentan Kohlekraftwerke betreiben und bauen. Darüber hinaus können die politischen Entscheidungsträger*innen in den finanzierenden Ländern und die internationale Gemeinschaft den Kohleausstieg im Ausland unterstützen. Drittens müssen Strategien für einen Kohleausstieg die länderspezifischen Besonderheiten berücksichtigen. Auf die politische Ökonomie eines Landes zugeschnittene Maßnahmen sind unerlässlich. Zugleich können Länder mit ähnlichen Merkmalen voneinander lernen. Länderübergreifendes ‚policy learning‘ für den Kohleausstieg kann von politischen Entscheidungsträger*innen und Forschenden unterstützt werden.BMBF, 01LA1826A, Ökonomie des Klimawandels - Verbundprojekt: Die politische Ökonomie eines globalen Kohleausstiegs (PEGASOS) - Teilprojekt 1: Koordination, Analyse der politischen Ökonomie vergangener Kohleausstieg
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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