1,721,149 research outputs found

    An Intra-party Account of Electoral System Choice

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    We present an intra-party account of electoral reform, contrasting the incentives of legislators (MPs) with those of party leaders. We develop our argument along the switch to proportional representation (PR) in early 20th century Europe. District-level electoral alliances allowed bourgeois MPs to counter the “socialist threat” under the electoral systems in place. PR was thus unnecessary from the seat-maximizing perspective that dominates previous accounts – intra-party considerations were crucial: candidate nomination and legislative cohesion. We show our argument to hold empirically both for the prototypical case of Germany, 1890-1920, using encompassing district-level data on candidatures, elections, electoral alliances, roll-call votes and a series of simulations on reform effects; and for the implementation of electoral reforms in 29 countries, 1900-1931

    An Intra-party Account of Electoral System Choice

    No full text
    We present an intra-party account of electoral reform, contrasting the incentives of legislators (MPs) with those of party leaders. We develop our argument along the switch to proportional representation (PR) in early 20th century Europe. District-level electoral alliances allowed bourgeois MPs to counter the “socialist threat” under the electoral systems in place. PR was thus unnecessary from the seat-maximizing perspective that dominates previous accounts – intra-party considerations were crucial: candidate nomination and legislative cohesion. We show our argument to hold empirically both for the prototypical case of Germany, 1890-1920, using encompassing district-level data on candidatures, elections, electoral alliances, roll-call votes and a series of simulations on reform effects; and for the implementation of electoral reforms in 29 countries, 1900-1931

    Was bringt die Föderalismusreform? Wahrscheinliche Effekte der geänderten Zustimmungspflicht

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    The recently enacted reform of German federalism is supposed to make legislation faster, more efficient and better. To what extent are these expectations justified? In order to assess the likely effects of the reform, this study uses a research design that was recently applied by the Research and Reference Services of the German Bundestag (parliament): we estimate the future effects of the reform by analyzing the impact it would have had on the legislation in the 14th and 15th term of the Bundestag if it had already been been in force at that time. In particular we ask: To what extent would the number of laws requiring the consent of the states' chamber, the Bundesrat, have been reduced? Which type of laws would have been affected by this reduction - the more controversial ones, or the less controversial ones? Which policy sectors would have seen the greatest reduction? How much would the reduction have increased the government's capacity to act effectively? Would the legislative process have been accelerated? -- Die verabschiedete Föderalismusreform soll die Gesetzgebung in Deutschland schneller, effizienter und besser machen. Inwiefern sind diese Erwartungen berechtigt? Zur Abschätzung der Reformfolgen auf die Bundesgesetzgebung folgen wir in dem vorliegenden Working Paper einer Vorgehensweise, die der Wissenschaftliche Dienst des Bundestages kürzlich in einer Studie angewandt hat: Die Auswirkungen der Föderalismusreform insbesondere auf die Zustimmungspflicht werden anhand der Gesetzgebung der 14. und 15. Legislaturperiode untersucht. Wir fragen insbesondere: Wie stark hätte sich der Anteil der Zustimmungsgesetze verringert, wenn die neuen Zustimmungsregeln schon in diesen beiden Legislaturperioden gegolten hätten? Wären eher zwischen Regierung strittige oder unstrittige Gesetze von der Zustimmungspflicht befreit worden? Welche Politikbereiche wären betroffen? Wie sehr hätte sich die politische Handlungsfreiheit der Bundesregierung erhöht? Wäre die Gesetzgebung durch die veränderten Zustimmungsregeln beschleunigt worden?

    The good, the bad, and the ugly: Esping-Andersen's regime typology and the religious roots of the Western welfare state

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    Esping-Andersen's 'Three World of Welfare Capitalism' has been the most influential contribution of recent years to the comparative welfare state research literature. According to Esping-Andersen, the welfare state basically comes in three variants: as a social-democratic, a conservative, or as a liberal regime. Yet, at a closer look particularly the conservative regime type proves to be a highly problematic category. The article claims that major problems of the 'three worlds'-typology originate from Esping-Andersen's sole focus on the class conflict, whereas he only very selectively accounts for the importance of religious cleavages. Major empirical problems of his approach vanish once we take into account not only the impact of the Catholic social doctrine on the development of the welfare state, but consider also the influence of social Protestantism, especially that of reformed, 'free', disestablished or dissenting Protestantism. The paper substantiates this claim with data-analysis for the early formative period of welfare state formation (1890-1920) and for its times of growth and crisis (1960s-1990). -- Folgt man dem einflussreichsten Beitrag zur vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung der letzten Zeit, Esping-Andersens 'Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism', so tritt der entwickelte westliche Sozialstaat in drei Varianten auf: entweder als sozialdemokratisches, oder als konservatives, oder als liberales Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime. Ein genauerer Blick zeigt jedoch, dass Esping-Andersens Typenbildung und Länderzuordnungen insbesondere im Fall des konservativen Regimes problematisch sind. In diesem Papier argumentiere ich, dass gravierende Probleme daherrühren, dass seine Theorie vornehmlich den Klassenkonflikt, nur sehr selektiv aber den Einfluss konfessioneller Faktoren in den Blick nimmt. Wesentliche empirische Unstimmigkeiten seines Ansatzes lassen sich lösen, wenn man neben der Bedeutung der katholischen Soziallehre für den institutionellen Entwicklungspfad des entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaates auch den Einfluss des Protestantismus, und hier insbesondere den Einfluss der reformierten protestantischen Strömungen, in den Blick nimmt. Der Beitrag zeigt dies mit vergleichenden Daten sowohl für die Frühphase (1890-1920) als auch für die Hochzeit des entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaats (1960-1990).

    Globalization, corporate finance, and coordinated capitalism: Pension finance in Germany and Japan

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    This paper analyzes 'globalization' as the interplay between domestic and 'foreign' economic agents that seek to break up nationally contained and/or institutionally constrained markets with the aim of altering distributive outcomes in their favor. I take as my exemplary cases the recent opening up of the Japanese and German pension markets. US-Japan trade negotiations and European market integration provide foreign competitors with entry into the pension market and increasingly allow domestic firms to exit the national 'regulatory regime'. The internationalization of the market for investment capital has made 'regime exit' more attractive for many German and Japanese firms while the international convergence of transparency rules and accounting standards are increasingly overhauling specific national business practices. --

    Federalism and the welfare state: The German case

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    The comparative welfare state research regularly highlights 'federalism' as a factor that has delayed welfare state development and sets clear 'limits to welfare state growth'. Yet, apparently German federalism goes together with one of the most generous welfare states of the world. This paper argues that federalism in Germany not only has not hindered strong welfare state expansion, but actually has contributed to it. The special variant of 'cooperative federalism' has blurred political and fiscal responsibilities, and the contribution financed Bismarckian welfare state has allowed the central government and the states to come to terms at the expense of a third party. A steady process of externalizing costs out of the public budgets and into the parafiscal budgets of the welfare state has been the result. -- In der vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung wird der Föderalismus regelmäßig als Faktor identifiziert, der die sozialstaatliche Entwicklung verzögert und dem Wohlfahrtsstaatswachstum Grenzen gesetzt hat. In Deutschland scheint jedoch der Föderalismus vereinbar mit einem der großzügigsten Sozialstaaten der Welt. Der Aufsatz geht der Frage nach, ob die deutsche Ausnahme die besonderen Bedingungen erhellen kann, unter denen der Föderalismus den ihm zugeschriebenen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Sozialstaatsentwicklung besitzt. Zentrale These des Aufsatzes ist, dass in Deutschland die föderalen Staatsstrukturen nicht nur nicht hemmend, sondern sogar ausgabenexpansiv wirkten. Die besondere Spielart des kooperativen Föderalismus begünstigte 'fiskalische Unverantwortlichkeit' der verschiedenen Staatsebenen und die Beitragsfinanzierung des Bismarckschen Wohlfahrtsstaats ermöglichte es Bund und Ländern, ihre Einigungsprobleme zu Lasten Dritter zu lösen.
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