1,720,958 research outputs found
Abrogation Of Gram Negative Bacteria Induced Inflammation
Full text linkLipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a prototypical exogenous endotoxicpyrogen as it binds with TLR4, and CD14 receptors of especially expressed on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells thereby secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids superoxide etc. As a result, LPS generates a variety of mediators, such as TNF-α, which triggers NF-κB, which results in cellular damage and fatal tissue injury, such as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The TNF-α being soluble diffuses through the membrane and interacts with the trimeric mTNFR1. This in turn causes the activation of STAT1 and STAT5 resulting in production of NF-κB induced P65-P50 heterodimer that transcribe mRNA. This results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12, which in turn regulate inflammation. When the cell is at rest, the PIP2 on its surface facilitates the recruitment of an adaptor called MyD88-adapter-like (MAL/TIRAP). When MAL and MyD88 are recruited during the initial phases of Microbes-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) recognition, TLR4 activation occurs after stimulation. causes the MAP kinases JNK, p38, and NF-κβ to become activated as a result, which in turn causes the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α to be produced. When cells release TNF-α, they bind with TNFR1, which releases the transcription factor domain death (SODD). Additionally, they recruit receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP-1), which in turn recruits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinasekinase 3, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase (TAK-1), and finally, they activate inhibitor of NF-κβ kinase (IKK) complex. The IKK complex then phosphorylates IκBα and thereby releasing NF-κB subunit, bound to unstimulatedIκBα by ubiquitination and degradation of IκBα. This soluble NF-κBtranslocate into the nucleus and thereafter evaluate gene transcription that is a central mediator of pro-inflammatory effects. The signalling takes place via activation of STAT1 and triggering the expression of IL-12, NOS-2 and Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS), characterized by the expression of TNF-α as a major and iNOS as well as high nitric oxide and intermediate ROS production. By convention blocking of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be resulting in production of anti-inflammatory causes the regulation of LPS induced sepsis by anti-inflammatory mediators. This may be an alternative regulating option to diminish the septic shock via activation and translocation of STAT6 by JAK1 and JAK3 signalling. In addition to that IL-10 is produced by these cytokines causes activation of STAT3 via up-regulating the expression of SOCS3, which mediates the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling pathways. Thus TNFRSF1A blocking will surely help society to find out future treatment strategies of acute and chronic diseases such as sepsis, disorientation of vital body functions, certain antibiotic resistant, Capillary leak syndrome, disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, purpura, ecchymoses, gangrene, multiple sclerosis etc. via the wound healing sub one secrete IL-4 and remodelling of the degrading tissues
Ascorbic Acid: Therapeutic Implications In Neurodegenerative Diseases
Full text linkAscorbic acid, or vitamin C, is a non-enzymatic antioxidant that dissolves in water. According to research, depending on its dose, vitamin C may have immunomodulatory and antibacterial effects. Ascorbic acid regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in a critical manner. Therefore, research into ascorbic acid\u27s potential role in the neuro-endocrine interaction is necessary to control neurodegenerative illnesses and behavioral abnormalities. Ascorbate, a reduced form of vitamin C, can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen oxides (NO) produced during synaptic activity and neuronal metabolism in brain tissue. According to a number of studies, ascorbic acid effectively regulates redox balance by increasing the activity of natural antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GRx, and GPx. Additionally, it performs crucial roles in protein aggregation, which is unquestionably vital in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative illnesses including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer\u27s, Parkinson\u27s, and Huntington\u27s disorders. It\u27s interesting to note that a mouse model showed that lower brain ascorbate could cause oxidative stress at a young age, hastening the onset of pathological alterations such Aβ deposition and the ensuing cognitive deficiencies. In order to maintain synaptic activity, ascorbic acid can change the metabolism of the brain. Thus, based on the fragmented evidence, it may be inferred that redox balance caused by ascorbic acid may serve as a possible target for modulating neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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