86 research outputs found
Type of dietary fat intakes in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality in US adults: an iso-energetic substitution analysis from the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked to the US mortality registry
No full textAbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that saturated fat intake is related to mortality risk increase, whereas unsaturated fat intake is associated with reduced mortality risk. The aim of the present study was to estimate the mortality risk reduction related to a dietary change from saturated fat to mono- or polyunsaturated fat intake. The American National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted between 1999 and 2010 were linked to the 2011 national US death registry resulting in an observational prospective mortality study. Proportional hazards Cox models were used to evaluate the association between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Substitution analysis was conducted to estimate an iso-energetic substitution of 10 % of the energy from dietary fat intake applied to the substitution of saturated fat with an equal amount of energy from monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat. The highest tertile intakes of saturated fat resulted in an increased risk (12 %) of all-cause and specific-cause mortality, whereas the highest tertile intakes of polyunsaturated fat resulted in a reduced risk (7 %) of all-cause and specific-cause mortality when compared with the corresponding lowest tertile. Iso-energetic substitution revealed that a substitution of 10 % of energy (from total fat) from saturated fat to an equal amount of energy from monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat resulted in a significant reduction of the mortality risk ranging from 4 to 8 %. Iso-energetic substitution of saturated fat with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat reduced all-cause and specific-cause mortality in US adults.</jats:p
Art therapy for people with intellectual disabilities and emotional behavioral disorders
No full textIntellectual disabilities (ID) are disorders characterised by under-average intellectual functioning and reduced adaptive functions. ID are affecting individual perceptions, ways of thinking, interactions, emotions and behaviour. According to a level of deficit persons with ID are categorised at mild, moderate, severe and profound intellectual disability. People with ID can be included in personalised or special education programs. Most people with ID have no access to the labour market and are involved in various work activities within the centres. They receive a symbolic payment for their work. They live with their parents or in special homes for people with ID, accommodation units, housing communities, or in homes for the elderly. Emotional and behavioural disorders often occur in people with ID. Emotional and behavioural disorders (EBD) are characterised by aggressive, auto-aggressive and delinquent behaviour. The occurrence of EBD is influenced by various biological, ecological, social and personality factors.
Arts therapies, as a subtype of art therapy, turned out to be useful in dealing with people with ID associated with EBD. The goal of arts therapies is to improve the quality of people's lives, which includes many areas of life for an individual. For people with ID, it is particularly effective, because it offers communication along the other path and offers the possibility of developing its own identity through the development of the painting style. Arts therapies is characterised by the triangular relationship which includes a participant, an art product, and a therapist. Their mutual relationship is significant. Arts therapies has certain phases and structure of therapeutic meetings. It can be individually, collectively or combined. Different art therapy techniques and activities are used according to the participant's characteristics and goals that we want to achieve. Knowing and adapting art materials is essential, primarily when working with people with ID. It is crucial to know the development of artistic expression and the specificity of the development of artistic expression in persons with ID.
In the empirical part, we used three case studies to determine the impact of arts therapies in the treatment of people with ID associated with EBD. The influence of arts therapies was observed in the areas of self-image, autonomy, self-initiative and perseverance, communication, social interaction and specific behavioural areas specific to individual EBD. In the study were involved three people with moderate ID associated with mild EBD, with between 18 and 37 years of age. In determining the initial and final condition, we used the standardized Adaptive Behavior Scale form The American Association for Mental Deficiency (AAMD) (Igrić in Fulgosi-Masnjak, 1991) and questionnaire customised by 'Evaluation List of Aid with Art' (Evalvacijski list Pomoči z umetnostjo) from the author E. Bizjak (2007). The scales and the questionnaires were filled by a professional who personally knows participants. The research showed that arts therapies has positive effects on participants, especially in the areas of challenging behaviour, autonomy and self-image. Arts therapies also had a positive impact on the areas of self-initiative and perseverance, social relations and communication. It has been concluded that for significant changes in this population, it would be necessary to carry out arts therapies for a more extended period, at least two years or more
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with blood pressure and hypertension over 10-years in black South African adults undergoing nutritional transition
No full textNutritional transition in Africa is linked with increased blood pressure (BP). We examined 10-year fatty acid status and longitudinal associations between individual long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), BP and status of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg and/or medication use) in black South Africans. We included 300 adults (>30 years) participating in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study, and analysed data from three consecutive examinations (2005, 2010 and 2015 study years). Fatty acids in plasma phospholipids were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We applied sequential linear mixed models for continuous outcomes and generalized mixed models for the hypertension outcome, in the complete sample and separately in urban and rural subjects. Mean baseline systolic/diastolic BP was 137/89 mmHg. Ten-year hypertension status increased among rural (48.6% to 68.6%, p = 0.001) and tended to decrease among urban subjects (67.5% to 61.9%, p = 0.253). Regardless of urbanisation, n-6 PUFA increased and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) decreased over the 10-years. Subjects in the highest tertile of arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) had 3.81 mmHg lower systolic (95% confidence interval (CI): −7.07, −0.54) and 3.82 mmHg lower diastolic BP (DBP) (95% CI: −5.70, −1.95) compared to the reference tertile, irrespective of lifestyle and clinical confounders. Similarly, osbond acid (C22:5 n-6) was inversely associated with DBP. Over the 10-years, subjects in the highest EPA tertile presented with +2.92 and +1.94 mmHg higher SBP and DBP, respectively, and with 1.46 higher odds of being hypertensive. In black South African adults, individual plasma n-6 PUFA were inversely associated with BP, whereas EPA was adversely associated with hypertension, supporting implementation of dietary fat quality in national cardiovascular primary prevention strategie
Plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns are associated with adiposity and the metabolic syndrome in black South Africans: a cross-sectional study
No full textBackground: Diets rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUEAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) have been associated. with increased risk of obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the evidence is inconsistent, whereas diets high in n-3 long-chain (LC)-PUFAs are associated with lower risk. There is limited information about the association of plasma. phospholipid fatty acids (FAs) with obesity and the MetS among black South Africans. Objective: To investigate the association of dietary FM and plasma phospholipid FA patterns, respectively, with measures of adiposity (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio) and the MetS in black South Africans. Methods: Factor analysis was used to identify FA patterns from 11 dietary FAs and 26 individual plasma phospholipid FAs. Cross-sectional association of the identified patterns with measures of adiposity and the MetS was investigated. A random sample of 711 black South African adults aged 30 to 70 years (273 men, 438 women) from the North West Province was selected from the South African leg of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study Sequential regression models adjusted for confounders were applied to investigate the association between dietary FAs and plasma phospholipid FA patterns with measures of adiposity and the MetS. Results: Two patterns were derived from dietary FAs and sir patterns from plasma phospholipid FM that explained the cumulative variance of 89 and 73%, respectively. The association of FA patterns with adiposity and the MetS was weaker for dietary FA patterns than for plasma phospholipid FA patterns. The plasma phospholipid FA pattern with high loadings of saturated FAs (high-Satfat) and another with high loadings of n-3 very-long-chain PUFAs (n-3 VLC-PUFAs) were positively associated with measures of adiposity and the MetS, while patterns with positive loadings of LC mono-unsaturated fatty acids (n-9 LC-MUFA) and a positive loading of n-3 essential FAs (n-3 EFA) showed inverse associations with the MetS and some measures of adiposity. Conclusions: The n-9 LC-MUFA and n-3 EFA patterns seemed to provide possible protective associations with adiposity and the MetS, whereas the high-Satfat and n-3 VLC-PUFA patterns were associated with adiposity and the MetS in our study participants. lite results arc reflective of the metabolic difference between overweight and obese compared to lean individuals
Comparison of dietary and plasma phospholipid fatty acids between normal weight and overweight black South Africans according to metabolic health: the PURE study
No full textBackground
Information regarding circulating fatty acids (FA) in association with metabolic health in black Africans is scarce, while the usefulness of circulating FAs as biomarkers of dietary fat intake and predictors for medical conditions is increasing.
Objective
We compared eleven dietary and the levels of 26 plasma phospholipid FAs in metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in black South African adults.
Methods
Adults from the South African arm of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study baseline (n = 711) were categorised into four groups, namely normal weight without metabolic syndrome (MetS) (MHNW), normal weight with MetS (MUNW), metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO). Dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs were measured by a quantitative food frequency questionnaire and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. We compared dietary FAs, plasma phospholipid FAs, and estimated desaturase activity between the metabolic status groups using ANCOVA adjusted for age and energy intake.
Results
MetS was diagnosed in 35% of the participants. After adjustment for age and total energy intake, in comparison to the MHNW reference group, saturated dietary FAs (C14:0 to C18:0) and alpha-linolenic acid intakes were higher in both overweight/obese groups (MHO and MUO), while linoleic acid intakes were higher in the MUO group only. Plasma levels of most saturated FAs (C18:0 to C22:0) and PUFAs were higher, whereas selected MUFAs, palmitic acid, and estimated desaturase activities were lower in the overweight/obese groups.
Conclusions
The overweight groups generally had higher fat intakes than normal-weight groups, but lower plasma levels of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, cis-vaccenic and estimated desaturase activities. Therefore, in this population, lower plasma levels of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and cis-vaccenic acids and decreased estimated desaturase activities may be biomarkers of abnormal metabolic health in overweight/obese study participant
Dietary and plasma fatty acids in association with obesity in black South Africans
No full textPhD (Dietetics), North-West University, Potchefstroom CampusBackground South Africa is currently experiencing rapid nutritional, economic, demographic and epidemiological transitions with grave consequences for lifestyle and health. Obesity has escalated to epidemic levels and is a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease. The increasing prevalence of obesity and related risk factors is compounded by the increased fat intake observed in many countries in Africa. Research reports and findings indicate that specific dietary and circulating fatty acids (FAs) as well as subsequent FA patterns may be beneficial or detrimental to human health. Despite the extensive use of circulating FAs in research in Asia, Europe and the USA, there is limited epidemiological research on the association of dietary FAs and circulating FA with obesity and MetS in black populations in Africa. Aim The PhD study aimed to investigate the association of dietary FAs and plasma phospholipid FAs and FA patterns with obesity and MetS, as well as comparison of dietary FAs and plasma phospholipid FAs in metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in a selected group of black South Africans. This study forms part of the South African arm of the international Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. Subjects and methods The study sample consisted of 711 (273 men and 438 women) adults; a sub-cohort of apparently healthy black men and women aged 30 to 93 years, from the rural and urban areas of the North West Province, South Africa. A random sample was selected from the original 2010 volunteers with both dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs after exclusion of 305 participants with human immunodeficiency virus and 305 matched controls due to previous use of plasma for analysis. The number of participants was randomly selected from stratified groups (rural male, rural female, urban male, and urban female. The sample included 125 rural men, 148 urban men, 218 rural women and 220 urban women. All the participants gave written and informed consent at each follow-up. The Ethics Committee of the North-West University approved the South African PURE study (Ethics number 04M10) and additional ethical clearance for this affiliated PhD study (NWU-00346-16-S1). This PhD study include two cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study of the 711 participants. The first cross-sectional study compared the levels of dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs of metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes. The second study cross-sectionally investigated the association of dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs patterns with measures of adiposity including, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist: height ratio (WHTR) and MetS. The third study prospectively investigated the association of baseline plasma phospholipid FA patterns with 10-year changes in anthropometric indices (weight, BMI, WC, and WHtR), as well as the reproducibility of plasma FA patterns at the 10-year time point. This study included 412 (173 men and 275 women) of 711 participants, followed up for 10 years and with complete anthropometric and plasma phospholipid FA data at baseline and follow-up. Results Study I: Adults from the South African arm of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study (n=711) were categorised into four groups, namely normal weight without metabolic syndrome (MetS) (MHNW), normal weight with MetS (MUNW), metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO). Dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs were measured by a quantitative food frequency questionnaire and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry respectively. MetS was present in 35% of the participants. Compared to the MHNW reference group, dietary saturated FAs (C14:0 to C18:0) and alpha-linoleic acid intakes were higher in both overweight/obese groups (MHO and MUO), while most mono-unsaturated FAs (MUFAs), linoleic and arachidonic acid intakes were higher in the MUO group only. Plasma levels of most very long chain saturated FAs (C18:0 to C22:0) and PUFAs were higher, whereas selected MUFAs, palmitic acid and estimated desaturase activities were lower in the overweight/obese groups after adjustment for age and total energy intake. Study II: Two patterns were derived from dietary FAs and six patterns from plasma phospholipid FAs, which explained the cumulative variance of 89% and 73%, respectively. The association between FA patterns with adiposity and MetS, respectively, was weaker for dietary FA patterns than for plasma phospholipid FA patterns. The plasma phospholipid FA pattern with high loadings of saturated FAs (SFAs) (high-Satfat) and another with high loadings of n—3 very long chain PUFAs (n—3 VLC-PUFA) were positively associated with measures of adiposity and MetS, while patterns with positive loadings of n—9 long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (n—9 LC-MUFA) and positive loading of n—3 essential FA (n—3 EFA) showed inverse associations with MetS and some measures of adiposity. Study III: Six plasma phospholipid FAs patterns were identified at baseline and four similar FA patterns were identified at follow-up. A comparison of quartiles of factor scores at baseline and follow-up showed good reproducibility for four of the six FA patterns identified at baseline. The high-Satfat pattern presented with high positive loadings of saturated FAs (stearic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids) both at baseline and 10-year follow-up, and was positively associated with 10-year changes in all anthropometric outcomes. This pattern that was maintained over 10 years may indicate unique FA metabolism associated with weight gain over time in this group of black South African adults. At 10-year follow-up plasma phospholipid levels of SFAs, stearic, arachidic and behenic acids were higher in overweight/obese participants of both sexes, confirming the association between plasma VLC-SFAs and adiposity. The baseline n—9 LC-MUFA pattern, with positive loadings of MUFAs (nervonic and gondoic acid), was positively associated with 10-year increases in all anthropometric outcomes, but this pattern was not maintained over 10 years. Most of the plasma MUFAs, notably nervonic and gondoic acid decreased significantly over ten years, while BMI, waist circumference and WHtR increased. Therefore, a sustained positive association between n-9 LC-MUFAs and adiposity could not be confirmed. Conclusion The results from this study show that overweight groups generally had higher fat intakes than normal weight (MHNW and MUNW) groups. The lower plasma levels of de novo lipogenesis pathway FAs and estimated desaturase activities may be biomarkers of abnormal metabolic health in overweight/obese study participants. In dimension reduction analysis, the n–9 LC-MUFA and n—3 EFA patterns seem to provide possible protective associations with adiposity and MetS, whereas the high-Satfat and n—3 VLC-PUFA patterns were associated with adiposity and MetS in our study participants in the cross-sectional study. In the longitudinal study, both the baseline n-9 LC-MUFA pattern and the high-Satfat pattern were associated with adiposity gain over 10 years. The high-Satfat pattern may be indicative of dietary intake and de novo lipogenesis involving elongation of FAs and was associated with adiposity gain over 10 years. This pattern derived at baseline was reproducible in the study participants after 10 years and may indicate a unique FA metabolism. On the other hand, the n-9 LC-MUFA pattern was not sustained over 10 years, thus a conclusion of an association between this FA pattern and adiposity gain cannot be made. This publication adds to the understanding of plasma phospholipid FA patterns and their prospective associations, as well as the reproducibility of some of these patterns. Further work is required to improve the interpretation and application of circulating FA patterns in health and disease globally, but especially in Africa, where data are lacking.Doctora
Matrimonial Consent and the Mental Life of the Person. A Psychological-Canonical Analysis of Matrimonial Consent
No full text»Ženidbena privola čin je volje kojim muška osoba i ženska osoba neopozivim savezom sebe uzajamno predaju i primaju da uspostave ženidbu« (kan. 1057, § 2). U analizi te kanonske definicije ženidbene privole autor članka otkriva pravne i psihološke elemente. Usmjerava pozornost na mjesto i ulogu ljubavi u psihološkoj, pravnoj i duhovnoj dimenziji osoba koje sklapaju ženidbu. Ukazuje na psihičke dinamizme i strukture koji su uključeni u oblikovanje te davanje i primanje ženidbene privole. Budući da je Ženidbena privola odluka zaručnika da dijele »zajednicu svega života« (kan. 1055, § 1), autor analizira psihološki proces odlučivanja. U formiranju ženidbene privole i u samoj ženidbi mogu se, međutim, pojaviti poteškoće psihičke naravi u obliku lakših psihopatologija ili kao posljedica neskladnosti na podsvjesnoj razini između izabrane vrjednote i njezinog ostvarenja. Da bi se rasvijetlile te činjenice, autor razlaže tri dimenzije psihičkog života: razumnu ili moralnu, podsvjesnu dimenziju i treću dimenziju koja se izjednačava s psihopatologijom. Pored trostruke dimenzionalnosti, postoje i tri razine psihičkog života: psihofiziološka, psihosocijalna i duhovna ili racionalna razina. Kao voljni čin i odluka, ženidbena je privola izravno povezana sa slobodom i odgovornošću, pa je zato potrebno uočiti razliku između esencijalne i efektivne slobode. Primjenjujući psihološke spoznaje na kanonsku ženidbenu privolu, autor vrjednuje valjanost ženidbene privole prema trostrukoj dimenzionalnosti psihičkog života, a posebno analizira utjecaj podsvjesnoga u odnosu na privolu. Da bi se ispravno prosuđivao nedostatak u ženidbenoj privoli zbog duševne bolesti, potrebna je ispravna suradnja kanonskog prava sa znanostima koje proučavaju to područje (psihologija, psihijatrija). U suodnosu tih znanosti podrazumijeva se prihvaćanje pojmova normalnosti i psihopatologije, te zrelosti i nezrelosti u svjetlu cjelovite kršćanske antropologije. U sudskoj se praksi ta suradnja očituje u ispravnom odnosu između crkvenog suca i stručnjaka te u poštivanju njihovih uloga i kompetencija u ženidbenoj parnici.»Matrimonial consent is an act of the will by which a man and a woman give and accept each other through an irrevocable covenant in order to establish marriage« (can. 1057, § 2). In the analysis of this canonical definition of matrimonial consent the author of this article reveals juridical and psychological elements. He draws attention towards the place and the role of love in psychological, juridical and spiritual dimension of persons who contract marriage. The author also points out the mental dimensions and structures which are involved in the formation and giving and accepting matrimonial consent. Since matrimonial consent is a decision of spouses to share »a partnership of the whole of life« (can. 1055, § 1), the author analyzes the psychological process of decision making. In the formation of matrimonial consent and in the marriage itself the difficulties of mental nature might appear in the form of minor psychopathology or as the consequence of inconsistencies on the subconscious level between the chosen value at a conscious level and its realization. It happens because the subconscious part of the »actual self« is principally in contradiction with the »ideal self«. In order to clarify these facts, the author explains three dimensions or states of mental life: rational or moral, subconscious dimension and the third one which involves normality versus psychopathology. Apart from triple dimensionality, there are also three levels of mental life: psycho-physiological, psycho-sociological and spiritual or rational. As an act of will and decision, matrimonial consent is directly related to freedom and responsibility, and because of that it is necessary to notice the difference between the essential and effective freedom. Implementing the psychological findings on canonical matrimonial consent, the author evaluates the validity of matrimonial consent taking into account triple dimensionality of mental life, particularly analyzing the influence of second dimension at a subconscious level in regard to consent. In order to judge correctly the defect of matrimonial consent because of mental illness, there is a need for correct cooperation of canon law with the sciences which deal specifically with that area of life (i.e. psychology and psychiatry). In correlation of these sciences it is required to take into consideration the concepts of normality and psychopathology, as well as the concepts of maturity and immaturity in the light of the integral Christian anthropology. In Jurisprudence this cooperation is manifested in the correct relationship between ecclesiastical judges and experts in the psychological investigation, which involves the indispensable respect for their specific role and competence in the canonical process for the declaration of nullity of a marriage due to mental incapacity
Sculptor Oscar Nemon’s Medal Works During his Brussels Period
No full textRad se bavi medaljerskom dionicom u opusu kipara Oscara Nemona (1906. – 1985.) tijekom umjetnikova djelovanja u Bruxellesu u razdoblju od 1925. do 1936. godine. Razmatraju se tipološke, tehničke
te stilsko-morfološke odlike Nemonovih medalja. Analizira se i vrednuje doprinos Oscara Nemona belgijskom modernom medaljerstvu u razdoblju između dvaju svjetskih ratova te se zaključuje kako je Nemon obogatio belgijsku likovnu scenu inovativnim i smjelim modernističkim rješenjima u art déco stilu koja počivaju na geometrijskoj stilizaciji forme.The work deals with the medal works of sculptor Oscar Nemon (1906–1985) during the artist’s residence in Brussels from 1925 to 1936. Typology, technic, style and morphology of the medals are taken into consideration. The contribution of Oscar Nemon to Belgian modern medal making in the period between the two world wars is analyzed and evaluated. Author concludes that Nemon enriched the Belgian art scene with innovative and bold modernist Art Déco-style solutions based on geometric stylization of the form
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