8 research outputs found
The New manuscript from unfamiliar author; The book of Haqiqat al-Bayan fi Sharafat al-Ensan
No full textThe book of Sharafat al-Ensan is a mystical-fiction book whose main story is about animals complaining about human abuse to the king of jinns called "King Dadbakhsh". This book was written by Mohammad Ali Ibn Iskandar Shirvani in 1250 AH and dedicated to Mohammad Shah Qajar. The main story is rooted in the treatises of Ikhwan al-Safa, and in addition to the narration of this book, several other narrations have been known and published in Persian language. Our aim in this research is to introduce this manuscript and its author and its stylistic coordinates and distinguish it from other narrations. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its information is extracted from library sources. The research findings show that the main difference of Shirvani narration is to giving mystical color on the story by the dialogues of characters. In this narration, the reason for human's nobility over other animals is considered to be his divine spirit and ability to knowledge of God. Other distinguishing features include the abundance of references to Persian, Arabic, Quranic, and narrative verses and proverbs, as well as the use of artificial and obligatory style in general. A copy of the book contains nineteen miniature drawings that enhance its visual value, and printing the book will reduce the risk of extinction. Two manuscripts of this book have been identified so far: the original, which is in the library of the Academy of Bucharest, Romania, and the other, which is kept in the Malik Library of Tehran
Отримання і деякі електрофізичні властивості сполуки Sn(Pb)SbBiS4 та твердих розчинів на основі SnSbBiS4
No full textWhen studying the ternary system Sb2S3-Sn(Pb)S-Bi2S3, it was established that in the Sn(Pb)Sb2S4-Sn(Pb)Bi2S4 sections a quaternary compound with the composition SnSbBiS4 and PbSbBiS4 is formed. And in the SnSbBiS4-SnS system, solid solutions are formed based on the initial components. Their electrical conductivity and temperature dependence of thermoelectric properties have been studied over a wide range. The results of measuring the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity, the samples have a semiconductor conductivity throughout the entire temperature range. It was established that all samples are n-type semiconductors. The compound SnSbBiS4 and PbSbBiS4 have high photosensitivity in the IR region of the spectrum. At operating voltage 10-20 V, Rd / Rl 1.1⸱103÷1.4⸱103.У процесі вивчення потрійної системи Sb2S3-Sn(Pb)S-Bi2S3 було встановлено, що в областях Sn(Pb)Sb2S4-Sn(Pb)Bi2S4 формується четвертинні сполуки складу SnSbBiS4, PbSbBiS4. А у системі SnSbBiS4-SnS утворюються тверді розчини на основі вихідних компонентів. Було досліджено їх електропровідність та температурну залежність термоелектричних властивостей у широкому діапазоні. Результати вимірювань температурної залежності електропровідності показали, що зразки мають напівпровідниковий характер провідності в усьому дослідженому температурному інтервалі. Встановлено, що всі зразки є напівпровідниками n-типу. Сполуки SnSbBiS4 і PbSbBiS4 характеризуються високою фоточутливістю в ІЧ-області спектра. При робочій напрузі 10-20 В, відношення Rd/ Rl становить 1,1⸱103÷1,4⸱103
Effective Leadership Theories for Geographers in Education
No full textn higher education institutions, the position and merit of geography has been gradually declining. Geography programs have been reviewed regarding the value, nature, purpose, and utility of the discipline. Some geography departments have been terminated, such as the one at the University of Michigan (Kish & Ward, 1981). Skeptics of geography, moreover, point to the great range of problems, such as the identity of geography and the role it plays in education, which have plagued the discipline. Yet effective and efficient leadership have rarely been voiced as one means to enhance the status of geography. It is the intent of the author, therefore, to focus on effective leadership so as to provide helpful cues for improving geography at the university and/ or college levels. Indeed, geographers have seldom considered the role of leadership in formulating strategies that would lead to success (Khan & Vuicich, 1984a). Two major situational or contingency theories of leadership will be presented and their potential in formulating strategies for effective functioning of the geography chairs in education will be discussed
Narrative Style and Techniques in Miramar by Najib Mahfouz
No full textAs human knowledge and ability is limited, stories are told from first person point of view, third person point of view, or omniscient point of view and one single narrator cannot tell all aspects of a story. Even if the narrator is very able, s/he cannot illustrate and describe all aspects and layers of a story. Najib Mahfous, in his novel, Miramar, has described various dimensions of Egypt revolution by using narrative techniques such as multiple narrators, repetition, or narrating different ideas and experiences from different points of view. He has conveyed different or contrasting views by using the technique of multiple narrators without taking side with any specific person or party. In this novel the narrator describe both the internal and external dimensions of events by stating what he has in mind and what has happened around hm. Using this style of storytelling, this author expresses different sides of life including love and hate, ignorance and knowledge, revenge, and good and evil. In some parts of the novel the narrator uses the technique of conversiation and presented the events like scenes of a play
Kethleyana Kivganov
No full textGenus <i>Kethleyana</i> Kivganov <p> <i>Kethleyana</i> Kivganov, 1995: 85. Type-species: <i>Kethleyana gelochelidoni</i> Kivganov, 1995, by original designation.</p> <p> <i>gelochelidoni</i> Kivganov, 1995: 86, fig. 3.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype female at author’s collection, paratypes: females at author’s collection. <b>Hosts and distribution.</b> <i>Gelochelidon nilotica</i> (type host) (Charadriiformes: Laridae), type-locality: UKRAINE, Odessa Prov., Tiligulski liman (Kivganov and Sharafat 1995).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Unknown.</p>Published as part of <i>Glowska, Eliza, Chrzanowski, Mateusz & Kaszewska, Katarzyna, 2015, Checklist of the Quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) of the World, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 3968 (1)</i> on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3968.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/288815">http://zenodo.org/record/288815</a>
Analyzing the Dialogue Between Text and Audience in Rumi’s Ghazals Based on Gadamer’s Theory
No full textGadamer's hermeneutics is fundamentally tied to the concept of dialogue. He argues that without genuine dialogue, meaningful communication between text and reader cannot occur, making interpretation impossible. Rumi's ghazals exemplify texts that resist singular meanings, containing layers of significance that demand active engagement. In Rumi’s view, human capability is measured by one’s capacity for thought and understanding. His poetry seeks what cannot be contained within worldly limits - a search realized through intuition, discovery, and crucially, through dialogic encounter where questions provoke new understandings. This paper analyzes selected Rumi ghazals through a descriptive-analytical approach informed by Gadamerian hermeneutics. The study demonstrates how the dynamic interplay of questions and answers between text and interpreter, along with the fusion of their horizons, generates fresh interpretations. The interpreter engages the text thematically, reconstructing its implicit dialogue with its own foundations - a process emerging from the commentator’s horizon merging with the text's tradition. The research further reveals how Rumi locates meaning in the reader's act of understanding. True knowledge emerges not from passive reception but from the event of dialogue between poet and reader, where understanding is co-created through interpretive encounter.1-IntroductionThought is a defining human characteristic and one of the marks of humanity's superiority over other beings, emerging from our capacity for speech and language. According to Rumi, a person's humanity depends on their conscience and thought. In Rumi's belief, the measure of a person’s power and ability—or helplessness and inability—lies in their thought, perception, and understanding. In his ghazals, Rumi seeks what is lost, something that can never be found in this world except through intuition, inspiration, and direct revelation. By searching the universe, he ultimately connects with the source of truth and eternal light, which is the beginning and end of both worlds, and loses himself in it. For this reason, readers of his poems connect their thoughts with his world of thought in order to engage with his lyrics and attain understanding and perception. These insights become possible and take shape in the context of dialogue, which provides a space for asking different questions and arriving at meaningful answers.Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) is one of the pioneers of philosophical hermeneutics, who believes that understanding can never escape the historicity of tradition, because horizons are both unlimited and historical, and we cannot achieve understanding except through language, history, and tradition. This perspective led to the establishment of fundamental principles in Gadamer's theory, the most prominent of which are: the ontology of understanding and experience, the historicity of understanding and experience, the ontology of language, the role of language in hermeneutics, the logic of conversation (textual dialogue), the fusion of horizons, the relationship between text and interpreter, and the assumptions underlying understanding and interpretation.In the logic of conversation, Gadamer believes that the text is always in dialogue with the audience, and that this dialogue is not confined to a specific period of time. Accordingly, the conversation between the text and the audience continues from the past to the present and even into the future. In this sense, it can be said that if this principle of Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics does not occur, then the integration and fusion of horizons will not take place, and no true understanding can arise. “The author produces the text in the absence of readers whose information and circumstances are unknown, and the reader reads the work in the absence of the author and often without knowledge of his background and context. If we consider every communication as a type of dialogue, the dialogue between the author and the reader during the production of the text takes place in the absence of the reader, and the dialogue between the reader and the text takes place in the absence of the author” (Pournamdarian, 2008: 11). Therefore, the present study also seeks to show how Rumi's ghazals can be interpreted in light of this principle of Gadamer’s theory. 2-Research BackgroundDespite extensive research by the authors, no studies were found that specifically examine the dialogue in Rumi’s ghazals through the lens of Gadamer’s theory. However, several studies have analyzed Rumi’s ghazals from various perspectives. Among the most relevant are the following: Naseri et al. (2020), in an article entitled “Hermeneutic Reading of a Ghazal by Rumi,” analyzed one of Rumi’s ghazals using Gadamer’s principles. In their analysis, historicity, dialogical logic, the fusion of horizons, and the central role of language were highlighted as prominent elements of the text. Pournamdarian (2013), in his book In the Shadow of the Sun: Persian Poetry and Deconstruction in Rumi’s Poetry, argues that dialogue or conversation is a fundamental foundation of the structure of speech, whether written or spoken, as no conversation can take place without an audience—even if the audience is absent. This basic principle applies equally to speech addressed to one person and to speech delivered in the presence of multiple individuals. He considers all forms of linguistic communication, including speech and writing in the absence of an audience, to be forms of dialogue in the broadest sense. Pournamdarian has also addressed this principle in earlier works, including his article “Interpretation of a Ghazal by Rumi” (2010), and “The Logic of Conversation and Mystical Ghazal” (2006), where he presents it as a foundational element of the dialogue between audience and text. Mohammadi Asiabadi (2010), in his article “Dialogue and Its Structure in Shams’ Ghazals,” identifies the presence of dialogue as a defining feature of Rumi’s ghazals. He argues that dialogue forms the core and central theme of many ghazals, especially those structured as anecdotes and stories. He further notes that Rumi uses the element of dialogue to craft original satires in these poetic forms. 3-Research MethodTo achieve the main objectives of this research, the study will employ a descriptive-analytical method, using library sources and following the methodological criteria and perspectives of hermeneutic theorists. The techniques and artistic aspects of Rumi’s poems in the Divan of Shams will be examined. After identifying the elements of semantic and content structure within the poems, the researcher will present the findings using the descriptive-analytical approach. 4-ResultIn mystical ghazals—and in many of Rumi’s ghazals—the communicative role of words is often diminished due to deep ambiguities. This occurs when the poet or speaker directly addresses a “you,” yet the reader remains uncertain about the speaker’s role in the conversation. In all the ghazals under study, the “I” is both the speaker and, indirectly, the addressee of another “I.” That is, he is simultaneously the narrator, the “I,” and the “You” who has become his own addressee. In the dialogue between the text and the audience, Rumi’s mystical thought causes the interpreter or reader to approach the ghazal with certain preconceptions.In the world of Rumi’s poetry, the speaker is his empirical self, which is not identical to the self that exists in the external, material world. The words spoken by the poetic “I” are not consistent with the words of the “I” in the real world, because the speaking voice here belongs to a transcendent self—a super-self—that speaks of itself or of “me.” This is the same “I” that appears to exist but, in truth, is non-existent. Rumi’s poetic self is in a state of dissolution, transient and mortal, for the lover has no conscious or independent presence. Whatever exists is only the beloved’s companion—nothing more. This state results from reaching the true level of existence, which is attained through the dialogue between the seeker and the sought. At this level, the lover becomes annihilated in the beloved, and the reality of certainty is unveiled. In such a state, the seeker no longer exists; all that remains is the sought—that is, the level and station of La ilaha illallah (There is no god but Allah). While reading Rumi’s ghazals, the commentator may encounter questions such as: Who is the true embodiment of the beloved that Rumi refers to in his poems? Does the principle of “unity of existence” govern the framework of all the ghazals? Does Rumi truly abandon reason, science, and language in favor of direct experience and intuitive union with the beloved? These and many similar questions arise in Rumi’s ghazals—questions for which no single, clear answer can be given. The reader, as interpreter, can only arrive at possible answers through deep reflection and interpretation—answers that still cannot be confirmed with certainty
Philoxanthornea Kethley
No full textGenus <i>Philoxanthornea</i> Kethley <p> <i>Philoxanthornea</i> Kethley, 1970: 50. Type-species: <i>Philoxanthornea anoa</i> Kethley, 1970, by original designation.</p> <p> <i>anoa</i> Kethley, 1970: 53, figs. 30, 31.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype female at USNM, paratypes: females, males at USNM, UGA. <b>Hosts and distribution.</b> <i>Anous tenuirostris</i> (type host) (Charadriiformes: Laridae), type-locality: USA, Sand Island, Midway Atoll, Pacific Ocean (Kethley 1970).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <i>clarki</i> Kivganov, 1995: 87, fig. 5.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype female at author’s collection, paratypes: female, males at author’s collection. <b>Hosts and distribution.</b> <i>Sternula albifrons</i> (type host) (Charadriiformes: Laridae), type-locality: UKRAINE, Odessa Prov., Tiligulski liman (Kivganov & Sharafat 1995); <i>Larus canus</i> (Laridae), RUSSIA, (ZISP) (Bochkov & Mironov 1998); <i>Sterna hirundo</i> (Laridae), POLAND, (AMU, ZISP, ZSM) (Skoracki <i>et al</i>. 2006). <b>Habitat.</b> Covert feathers.</p> <p> <i>dubinini</i> Bochkov and Mironov, 1998: 14, figs. 31–35.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype female at ZISP (T-Sy-8), paratypes: females at ZISP. <b>Hosts and distribution.</b> <i>Gelochelidon nilotica</i> (type host) (Charadriiformes: Laridae), type-locality: KAZAKHSTAN, Sorbulak Lake, near Alma-Ata (Bochkov & Mironov 1998); <i>Chlidonias leucopterus</i> (Laridae), EGYPT, (AMU, ZSM, UMMZ, ZISP) (Skoracki <i>et al</i>. 2006).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Unknown.</p>Published as part of <i>Glowska, Eliza, Chrzanowski, Mateusz & Kaszewska, Katarzyna, 2015, Checklist of the Quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) of the World, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 3968 (1)</i> on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3968.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/288815">http://zenodo.org/record/288815</a>
Surgical Outcome of Posterior Cervical Foramenotomy
No full textObjective: Objective of the study was to evaluate the surgical outcome of posterior foraminotomy in patients with cervical spondylotic radicular symptoms.Material and Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted at the department of neurosurgery lady reading hospital Peshawar from July 2012 to June 2018 (6 years). The author has personal experience of 29 patients during the study period. All consecutive patients who underwent posterior cervical foraminotomy for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy included in the study, irrespective of their age and gender. After approval from the hospital ethical committee, informed consent was taken from patients or their relatives. The patients were followed up improvement of symptoms and post-operative complications. The data was entered in a specially designed Performa. Patients’ data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.Results: We had total 29 patients during the study period who full fill the inclusion criteria. Most (65.5%) of our patients were men. Age of the patients ranged from 23-66 years with the mean age of 44.5% year. The most common level involved was C6-7 (41.4%) followed by C5-6 (37.9%). The most common operative indications for cervical radiculopathy was lateral soft disc herniation followed by osteophyte formation and foraminal stenosis. Post operatively arm pain relieved in almost all patients. Pins and needles, improved in 79.3% cases. Post-operatively neck pain and superficial wound infection was observed each in one (3.4%) case. One of our patients improved initially, but after 2 months had recurrent of symptoms and needed anterior cervical discectomy.Conclusion: We conclude from our study that cervical spondylotic radiculopathy patients respond well to posterior cervical foraminotomy. This procedure is having an acceptable complication rate. This is an effective and safe procedure. This approach can be an alternative treatment choice in patients with cervical radiculopathy secondary to lateral disc herniation, and or foraminal stenosis
