1,720,977 research outputs found
Cutting edge: TGF-β1 and IL-15 induce FOXP3+ γδ regulatory T cells in the presence of antigen stimulation
No full textSeveral subsets of αβ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been described and studied intensively, but the potential regulatory role of γδ T cells remains largely unclear. Lymphocytes expressing γδ TCR are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and their major adult human peripheral blood subset (Vγ9Vδ2) displays a broad reactivity against microbial agents and tumors. In this study we report that γδ T lymphocytes with regulatory functions (Vδ2 Tregs) are induced in vitro in the presence of specific Ag stimulation and cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL-15). These cells express FOXP3 and, similarly as αβ Tregs, suppress the proliferation of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated-PBMC. Phenotypic and functional analyses of Vδ2 Tregs will very likely improve our understanding about the role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. Copyright © 2009 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Innate T-cell immunity in HIV infection: the role of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes
No full textThere is growing interest in the use of innate immune reactions in the therapy and prophylaxis of various diseases. Natural T (NT) lymphocytes that recognize infected cells or microbial compounds without the classical genetic restriction by polymorphic MHC molecules are crucial components of innate immunity. NT cells bearing the Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell receptor (TCR) are broadly reactive against intracellular pathogens, can lyse human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected cells, and release cytokines capable of regulating HIV replication. The potent antiviral activities of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells may help to contain viral spread during acute HIV infection and/or to prevent the establishment of viral persistence. Substantial changes in the composition and function of circulating gammadelta T-cell pools occur in HIV-infected patients. These changes a) may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of opportunistic infections and neoplasms, and b) are partly reversed by highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). In addition to direct antiviral activities, activated gammadelta T cells influence dendritic cell maturation and the adaptive alphabeta T-cell response. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells can be stimulated in vivo and in vitro by various nonpeptidic antigens (NpAgs) and recent animal experimental data suggest that activated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells may help to control SIV replication. Currently, NpAgs are being assessed as potential therapeutic agents in AIDS, tuberculosis and certain cancers susceptible to Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell effector mechanisms
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The combined treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with thymolymphotropin and interleukin 2 increases PPD-driven T-cell proliferation and IL-2 induced cellular cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells.
No full textTwo in vitro systems (the DNA synthetic response to mycobacterial antigens and cytotoxicity against lymphoid cells) were used to analyse the effect of thymolymphotropin (TLT) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Purified protein derivative of mycobacteria (PPD)-driven T-cell proliferation in low-responder donors was increased by the combined treatment with TLT and suboptimal doses of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2). Similarly, the activities of natural killer (NK) cells and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells have been enhanced in PBMC cultures pretreated with TLT. Also, TLT showed an enhancing effect on the development of LAK cells capable of lysing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-lymphocytes infected or uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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