1,720,954 research outputs found
Antifungal lactic acid bacteria with potential to prolong shelf-life of low salt bread
No full textMean daily salt intakes of populations in developed countries are well in excess of dietary needs (ca. 3-4 g salt/day). Hypertension, a causal factor for cardiovascular diseases, was shown to be caused by increased amounts of sodium, which is mainly applied as sodium chloride (table salt). Up to 35 % of the daily salt intake is contributed by cereal products, in particular bread. Hence, low-salt bread is one of the most efficient ways to decrease the daily salt intake. The technological process of bread baking as well as some of the final quality characteristics of bread, in particular shelf‐life is influenced by salt reduction. Chemical preservatives, e.g. calcium propionate (CP) are commonly used as antifungal agents. Alternatively, sourdough can be used to retard mould growth. This work addresses the feasibility of salt reduction in wheat bread from 2.0 %* (standard) to 1.0 % (sodium‐reduced), 0.5 % (low‐sodium) and 0.0 % (sodium‐free) from shelf-life perspective. The results were compared to those obtained using 0.5 %* of CP and 20 %* of sourdough fermented by the antifungal strain L. amylovorus DSM 19280. The antifungal “in situ” tests were performed under bakery environmental conditions as well as using challenge tests against F. culmorum, A. niger and P. expansum. Mould growth on the bread slices was observed throughout 14 days of storage. For the environmental trials, a shelf-life of about 5 days was obtained for standard bread (2.0 % salt) while breads elaborated with lower salt concentration were spoiled after 3 days. Sourdough addition prolongs the shelf-life at least up to 12 days and the addition of 0.5 % CP prolonged the shelf‐life 10‐12 days compared to the respective controls without any significant differences regarding the salt levels. Concerning the fungal challenge tests, the spoilage was influenced, with different extent, by both salt level and the fungi tested. Generally, similar antifungal performance was observed in sourdough breads and CP breads when tested against the indicator moulds. The findings of this study indicate that addition of sourdough fermented with the antifungal L. amylovorus DSM 19280 can replace CP addition needed to assure the safety of low-salt bread
The effect of sourdough and calcium propionate on the microbial shelf-life of salt reduced bread
No full textThe consumption of low-salt bread represents an efficient way to improve public health by decreasing cardiovascular health issues related to increased intakes of sodium chloride (NaCl). The reduction of NaCl influences
the bread quality characteristics, in particular the shelf-life. Calcium propionate (CP) is commonly used in bread as an antifungal agent. Alternatively, sourdough can be used as a natural preservative. This work addresses the feasibility of NaCl reduction in wheat bread focussing on shelf-life and the compensation using sourdough as well as chemical preservatives. The impact of NaCl reduction and the addition of preservative agents in conjunction with different NaCl concentrations on the shelf-life of bread were tested under ‘environmental’conditions in a bakery as well as using challenge tests against selected fungi. The challenge tests were performed using fungi commonly found in the bakery environment such as Penicillium expansum, Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger. NaCl reduction decreased the shelf-life by 1–2 days. The addition of sourdough with antifungal activity prolonged the shelf-life to 12–14 days whereas the addition of 0.3 % calcium propionate prolonged the shelf-life to 10–12 days only. The fungal challenge tests revealed differences in the determined shelf-life between the different fungi based on their resistance. Similar antifungal performance was observed in sourdough breads and calcium propionate breads when tested against the different indicator moulds. The findings of this study indicate
that addition of sourdough fermented using a specifically selected antifungal Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 19280 can replace the chemical preservative calcium propionate addition and compensate for the reduced level and, therefore, guarantee the product safety of low-salt bread
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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