1,720,959 research outputs found
Influenza D virus and host cell interactions during early stages of infection
No full textInfluenza D virus (IDV) is the most recently identified member of the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is most closely related to ICV than other members of the family. Although it causes only mild respiratory disease, the virus is implicated in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is a major cause of economic concern for cattle producers globally. Antibodies against IDV have been detected in humans and several animal spps, suggesting that IDV may have a broader host range than ICV. We therefore aimed to study the early interactions between IDV and host cells during infection to determine factors that influence IDV host range. Through this thesis, we determined the proteases involved in the activation of ICV and IDV, tested the hypothesis that the bovine turbinate (BT) cell line provides a useful in vitro model to study IDV viral–host interactions, determined the involvement of host entry restriction factors in IDV infection and the activation of the PI3K pathway. Overall, our findings shows that human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT) and its swine homologue (swAT) activates ICV and IDV pseudotypes with higher efficiency relative to TMPRSS2. RNA-Seq data demonstrated the involvement of genes related to type I or type III interferon responses in IDV infection of BT cells. Intrinsic innate immune responses including IFN-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restricted the entry of IAV, ICV and IDV pseudotyped viruses. Determination of the subcellular localization of bovine IFITM3 showed that it has an intracellular cytoplasmic distribution. KEGG pathway analysis of the transcriptomic data showed activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. This led to the hypothesis that IDV activates the pathway in a similar way to influenza A virus (IAV), by non-structural NS1 protein binding the PI3K p85β subunit. However, pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays did not detect binding of IDV NS1 to p85β; this may be due to amino acid differences in the tyrosine-phosphorylated YXXXM motif that is important in the binding of the IAV NS1 to the p85β subunit. This suggests a different mechanism in preventing apoptosis after IDV infection
Influenza D virus and host cell interactions during early stages of infection
No full textInfluenza D virus (IDV) is the most recently identified member of the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is most closely related to ICV than other members of the family. Although it causes only mild respiratory disease, the virus is implicated in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is a major cause of economic concern for cattle producers globally. Antibodies against IDV have been detected in humans and several animal spps, suggesting that IDV may have a broader host range than ICV. We therefore aimed to study the early interactions between IDV and host cells during infection to determine factors that influence IDV host range. Through this thesis, we determined the proteases involved in the activation of ICV and IDV, tested the hypothesis that the bovine turbinate (BT) cell line provides a useful in vitro model to study IDV viral–host interactions, determined the involvement of host entry restriction factors in IDV infection and the activation of the PI3K pathway. Overall, our findings shows that human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT) and its swine homologue (swAT) activates ICV and IDV pseudotypes with higher efficiency relative to TMPRSS2. RNA-Seq data demonstrated the involvement of genes related to type I or type III interferon responses in IDV infection of BT cells. Intrinsic innate immune responses including IFN-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restricted the entry of IAV, ICV and IDV pseudotyped viruses. Determination of the subcellular localization of bovine IFITM3 showed that it has an intracellular cytoplasmic distribution. KEGG pathway analysis of the transcriptomic data showed activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. This led to the hypothesis that IDV activates the pathway in a similar way to influenza A virus (IAV), by non-structural NS1 protein binding the PI3K p85β subunit. However, pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays did not detect binding of IDV NS1 to p85β; this may be due to amino acid differences in the tyrosine-phosphorylated YXXXM motif that is important in the binding of the IAV NS1 to the p85β subunit. This suggests a different mechanism in preventing apoptosis after IDV infection
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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