1,721,008 research outputs found
Measurement of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase
No full textThe thioredoxin system is ubiquitous, providing reducing equivalents to essential biosynthetic enzymes like ribonucleotide reductase. It is essential for cellular redox regulation, control of oxidative stress, and protection against oxidative damage. This unit includes protocols for measuring thioredoxin or thioredoxin reductase in biological preparations or as purified enzymes
The role of bile pigments in health and disease: effects on cell signaling, cytotoxicity and cytoprotection
No full textCurrent concepts in cell toxicity
No full textThis overview provides a basic definition of cellular death and the mechanisms that are associated with cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. It includes a description of structural changes and macromolecular degradation and the roles of signaling, mitochondria, and genetic changes in the two forms of cell death
Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction During Cell Death
No full textAttempts to identify a common underlying step in the apoptotic program in response to various cytotoxic stimuli have focused on the role of mitochondria in this form of cell death. This unit contains a family of protocols that can be used to assess mitochondrial functions during apoptotic responses. Protocols are included for the collection and analysis of released proteins, for detection of the mitochondrial permeability transition, for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential, and for preparation of mitochondria from different tissue sources
Determination of apoptosis and necrosis
No full textCell death occurs by one of two mechanisms: apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis due to cellular injury or trauma. Each method has distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics. Distinguishing between apoptosis and necrosis depends selection of appropriate assays and proper timing. This unit provides an extensive series of assays that measure membrane integrity, cell size and DNA content, state of chromatin, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation. The results of these assays allow one to distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis
Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide homology: Differential modulation of heme oxygenases in brain and detection of protein and activity
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