323,285 research outputs found
Crash dieting: The effects of eating and drinking on driving performance
No full textPrevious research suggests that compared to mobile phone use, eating and drinking while driving is more common and is seen as lower risk by drivers. Nevertheless, snacking at the wheel can affect vehicle control to a similar extent as using a hands-free phone, and is actually a causal factor in more crashes. So far, though, there has not been a controlled empirical study of this problem. In an effort to fill this gap in the literature, we used the Brunel University Driving Simulator to test participants on a typical urban scenario. At designated points on the drive, which coincided with instructions to eat or drink, a critical incident was simulated by programming a pedestrian to walk in front of the car. Whilst the driving performance variables measured were relatively unaffected by eating and drinking, perceived driver workload was significantly higher and there were more crashes in the critical incident when compared to driving normally. Despite some methodological limitations of the study, when taken together with previous research, the evidence suggests that the physical demands of eating and drinking while driving can increase the risk of a crash
The impact of the urban structure on the public squares uses: a syntactic analysis
No full textThis work is part of an ongoing research on the impact of urban structure on public squares in Bejaia city (Algeria). This paper will investigate the relationship between the configuration of the urban structure and the use and attractiveness of public squares in Bejaia city. Assuming, from space syntax theory, that urban space configuration extremely effects people’s movement patterns (through-movement space or to-movement space), this study is then carried out to find the correlation between the spatial use of squares and the syntactic properties of the urban structure in which they are embedded. To achieve this goal, the document relies on two approaches: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative approach is based on the in-situ observation of two public squares by establishing behavioural maps, and on semi-structured interviews. While for the quantitative one, it is based on the method of space syntax concerning the syntactic and isovist properties. The study uses calculations using Depthmap. This paper will present the investigation process and the results of the case study, which show that the use of public squares in Bejaia city depends strongly on the syntactic properties of the urban structure in which each square is embedded, besides its functional properties
Driven to distraction: the effects of roadside advertising on driver attention
No full textThere is growing concern that roadside advertising presents a real risk to driving safety, with conservative estimates putting external distractors responsible for up to 10% of all accidents. In this paper, we present a simulator study quantifying the effects of billboards on driver attention, mental workload and performance in Urban, Motorway and Rural environments. The results demonstrate that roadside advertising has a clear detrimental effect on lateral control, increases mental workload, and on some roads can draw attention away from more relevant road signage. Detailed analysis of the data suggests that the effects of billboards may in fact be more consequential in scenarios which are monotonous or of lower workload. Nevertheless, the overriding conclusion is that prudence should be exercised when authorising or placing roadside advertising. The findings are discussed with respect to governmental policy and guidelines
Nîmes – 59 avenue Jean-Jaurès
No full textDate de l'opération : 1996 (SD) Inventeur(s) : Ferroukhi Mahfoud (AFAN) ; Hervé Marie-Laure (AFAN) Plan général des opérations extra muros de Nîmes (Fig. n°2 : Plan général des principales opérations rurales (1991-1998)). En 1996, dans le cadre d’un diagnostic préalable à la construction d’un petit immeuble, Éric Llopis (AFAN) mettait en évidence l’existence d’une voie empierrée nord-sud et, à l’ouest de cette dernière, d’un petit monument circulaire et d’une tombe en coffre monolithe. La fo..
Nîmes – 59 avenue Jean-Jaurès
No full textDate de l'opération : 1996 (SD) Inventeur(s) : Ferroukhi Mahfoud (AFAN) ; Hervé Marie-Laure (AFAN) Plan général des opérations extra muros de Nîmes (Fig. n°2 : Plan général des principales opérations rurales (1991-1998)). En 1996, dans le cadre d’un diagnostic préalable à la construction d’un petit immeuble, Éric Llopis (AFAN) mettait en évidence l’existence d’une voie empierrée nord-sud et, à l’ouest de cette dernière, d’un petit monument circulaire et d’une tombe en coffre monolithe. La fo..
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
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