1,720,976 research outputs found
Occupational segregation and earnings differentials between women and men: evidence from the UK labour force survey
No full textStatistical models for small area public health intelligence on chronic morbidity
No full textLocal indicators of chronic morbidity are needed to conduct needs assessments, plan health care services, allocate funds and monitor health inequalities. Model-based estimation is increasingly perceived as a possible avenue to enhance future local population health statistics methodology. In the UK, model-based small area estimation attracts particular interest both as a possible alternative to traditional population census enumeration and as a way to expand the range of indicators currently available. These methods however remain complex and still neglected in official statistics production. The present thesis brings applied contributions to this field by examining the potential of model-based estimation in England and Wales. First, a systematic literature review identifies the latest statistical developments and key methodological weak points. This informs the designs of three empirical academic papers designed around 2011 census health outputs. The first study builds two models predicting the crude prevalence of long-term limiting illness and self-rated health, and examines their reliability compared with 2011 census estimates. Secondly, an observational study analyses the spatial structure of morbidity for twenty age by ethnic groups in 2011 census long term limiting illness data. This assesses the potential to borrow strength across space and demographic groups, and to improve prediction efficiency. The final study proposes a survey design approach determining sample size requirements to achieve a desired level of statistical reliability. It is tested in a simulation study on 2011 census long-term limiting illness data. Together, these contributions provide applied testing work on well-established European population health indicators which inform the reliability of model-based estimation methods in a UK context
The spatial structure of chronic morbidity: evidence from UK census returns
No full textBackground: Disease prevalence models have been widely used to estimate health, lifestyle and disability characteristics for small geographical units when other data are not available. Yet, knowledge is often lacking about how to make informed decisions around the specification of such models, especially regarding spatial assumptions placed on their covariance structure. This paper is concerned with understanding processes of spatial dependency in unexplained variation in chronic morbidity.Methods: 2011 UK census data on limiting long-term illness (LLTI) is used to look at the spatial structure in chronic morbidity across England and Wales. The variance and spatial clustering of the odds of LLTI across local authority districts (LADs) and middle layer super output areas are measured across 40 demographic cross-classifications. A series of adjacency matrices based on distance, contiguity and migration flows are tested to examine the spatial structure in LLTI. Odds are then modelled using a logistic mixed model to examine the association with district-level covariates and their predictive power.Results: The odds of chronic illness are more dispersed than local age characteristics, mortality, hospitalisation rates and chance alone would suggest. Of all adjacency matrices, the three-nearest neighbour method is identified as the best fitting. Migration flows can also be used to construct spatial weights matrices which uncover non-negligible autocorrelation. Once the most important characteristics observable at the LAD-level are taken into account, substantial spatial autocorrelation remains which can be modelled explicitly to improve disease prevalence predictions.Conclusions: Systematic investigation of spatial structures and dependency is important to develop model-based estimation tools in chronic disease mapping. Spatial structures reflecting migration interactions are easy to develop and capture autocorrelation in LLTI. Patterns of spatial dependency in the geographical distribution of LLTI are not comparable across ethnic groups. Ethnic stratification of local health information is needed and there is potential to further address complexity in prevalence models by improving access to disaggregated data
Researchers need access to NHS data for effective redesign of clinical pathways
No full textSood and colleagues argue for clinical informatics leaders in NHS organisations to accelerate the development of digitally enhanced models of care.1 We think that safe and effective redesign of clinical pathways and better use of health data requires not just digital leadership but also academic involvement.Researchers are needed to generate and publish robust evidence on the benefits and harms of digitally enhanced service models. Rigorous analyses of healthcare databases require knowledge of frontline services and expertise in data science and statistics, which are best provided by a team with safe and accountable access to data. Without early involvement of researchers in the design of pathways, results can be wrong, and care can be misdirected or harmful. Despite warnings about the potential harms of risk stratification,2 such practice continues, directed by algorithms, untouched by frontline clinicians, and mostly unevaluated by researchers.Academic researchers are currently held back from contributing to clinical redesign by unreasonable obstacles to data access. NHS England has streamlined data access for local authorities and commissioners,34 but researchers are left behind, jumping through the hoops of data applications, while witnessing shortcomings in the design and evaluation of new services.Simultaneously, a minority of NHS data releases5 go to commercial companies that perform analytics for multiple clients, including NHS bodies. These users have few incentives or resources to document and publish how data are being used, let alone share their algorithms and build a knowledge base of methods and expertise. The risk is that patients, clinicians, and service providers might not be aware of, let alone be able to explain, how healthcare data are changing care. Without wider and more timely use of health data for research, the social contract with patients—to use health data for public benefit—risks being undermined
Alevin Details and Hatch Timing
No full textData on post hatch Atlantic salmon biometrics: Fork length; Mass; Body mass and number of caudal fin rays.
Data on hatch timings that were used to calculate Kaplan-Meier hatch rates
This dataset supports:
Bloomer, Jack et al (2016) The Effects of Oxygen Depletion due to Upwelling Groundwater on the Post-Hatch Fitness of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</span
Exploring the ‘teachable moment’: logic model for an alcohol brief intervention in breast screening and symptomatic breast clinics
No full textExisting research on alcohol brief interventions (ABI) has yet to examine the potential for symptomatic breast cancer clinics and breast screening mammography as a ‘teachable moment’ for alcohol prevention. We are preparing an early phase study set in symptomatic breast clinics at University Hospital Southampton to assess:- women’s information needs regarding effects of alcohol on cancer risk,- the nature of tailored feedback required, and- the potential of a digital ABI to develop alcohol awareness into a long-term intrinsic motivation to reduce alcohol consumption.This knowledge is required to develop an intervention that meets patient need. The early development work for this research has shaped the following intervention logic model:- Context: annually, symptomatic breast clinics in England see approximately 275,000 women. Mammography screening appointments are attended by a further 4.4 million. These stressful health events have for the wide majority no further medical implications. But they are a missed opportunity to address women’s concerns and promote healthy lifestyles.- Input: a digital interface accessed by patients in the waiting room.- Outputs: information on the alcohol dose-response of alcohol on breast cancer risk and advice on healthy lifestyles.- Short-terms outcomes of this intervention are increased motivation and readiness to change in the short-term. The expected medium-term outcome is a reduction in frequency and intensity of drinking.The poster aims to present the different components of this logic model, prompt discussions with the addiction research community an invite feedback and suggestions for the design of our intervention development study
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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