1,721,017 research outputs found
Estimating the Change in Housework Time of the Italian Woman after the Retirement of the Male Partner: An Approach Based on a Two-Regime Model Estimated by ML
No full textDynamic Competition in Pharmaceuticals: Patent Expiry, Generic Penetration, and Industry Structure
No full textThis paper investigates patterns of industrial dynamics and competition in the pharmaceutical industry, with particular reference to the consequences of patent expiry in different countries. We focus on the competition at the level of single chemical entities, distinguishing between original brands and generic products. Quarterly data, spanning from July 1987 to December 1998, on sales of pharmaceutical products in four countries (USA, UK, Germany, and France) constitute the basis of our analysis. All the products containing major molecules whose patent expiration date lies between 1986 and 1996 are included in our sample. We show how diffusion of generics is linked to the characteristics of the market and investigate how price dynamics of original products are affected by generic competition. Our empirical investigation shows that the dynamics of drug prices and the competition by generic drugs vary significantly across countries. This heterogeneity notwithstanding, a clear distinction seems to emerge. On the one hand, systems that rely on market-based competition in pharmaceuticals promote a clear distinction between firms that act as innovators and firms that act as imitators after patent expiry. Here, original products enjoy premium prices and exclusivity profits under patent protection, and face fierce price competition after patent expiry. On the other hand, in systems that rely on administered prices, penetration by generic drugs tends to be rather limited. Its descriptive and preliminary nature notwithstanding, our analysis seems to have relevant implications at different levels of generality, especially for Europe
The intensity of competition after patent expiry in pharmaceuticals: a cross-country analysis
No full textUn'analisi cross-country
No full textIl capitolo studia la significatività, l'ampiezza e la direzione di un incremento della spesa militare sulla crescita del PIL, utilizzando un modello econometrico costituito da una regressione cross-country à la Barro, in cui la spesa militare viene esplicitamente inclusa tra i regressori del tasso di crescita del PIL. Il modello viene applicato a 39 Paesi, diversi tra loro per caratteristiche politiche, economiche e sociali. Si evidenzia una relazione positiva, che tuttavia presenta degli effetti non lineari
Patent disclosure and R&D competition in pharmaceuticals
Full text linkThe prominent role played by patents within the pharmaceutical domain is unquestionable. In this paper, we focus on a relatively neglected implication of patents: the effect of patent-induced information disclosure on the dynamics of R&D and market competition. The study builds upon the combination of two large datasets, linking the information about patents to firm-level data on R&D projects and their outcome. Two case studies in the fields of anti-inflammatory compounds and cancer research complement our analysis. We argue that patent disclosure induces R&D competition and shapes firms' technological trajectories. In fact, we show that under conditions of uncertainty, patent disclosure can contribute to generate knowledge spillovers, promoting multiple parallel research efforts on plausible targets and stimulating private investment and competition.patent disclosure, innovation, R&D competition,
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Medical Devices Competitiveness and Impact on Public Health Expenditure
No full textLo studio fornisce una analisi completa dell'industria delle attrezzature mediche in Europa, con particolare riferimento ai seguenti aspetti: a) l'impatto delle attrezzature mediche sui costi e sulla spesa sanitaria; b) la capacità innovativa del settore delle attrezzature mediche in Europa; 3) la competitività del settore in Europa rispetto agli Stati Uniti e al Giappone
Everything you always wanted to know about inventors (but never asked): Evidence from the PatVal-EU survey
No full textNeurovascular Coupling During Visual Stimulation in Multiple Sclerosis: A MEG-fMRI Study
No full textThe process of neurovascular coupling ensures that increases in neuronal activity are fed by increases in cerebral blood flow. Evidence suggests that neurovascular coupling may be impaired in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) due to a combination of brain hypoperfusion, altered cerebrovascular reactivity and oxygen metabolism, and altered levels of vasoactive compounds. Here, we tested the hypothesis that neurovascular coupling is impaired in MS. We characterized neurovascular coupling as the relationship between changes in neuronal oscillatory power within the gamma frequency band (30–80 Hz), as measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG), and associated hemodynamic changes (blood oxygenation level dependent, BOLD, and cerebral blood flow, CBF) as measured by functional MRI. We characterized these responses in the visual cortex in 13 MS patients and in 10 matched healthy controls using a reversing checkerboard stimulus at five visual contrasts. There were no significant group differences in visual acuity, P100 latencies, occipital gray matter (GM) volumes and baseline CBF. However, in the MS patients we found a significant reduction in peak gamma power, BOLD and CBF responses. There were no significant differences in neurovascular coupling between groups, in the visual cortex. Our results suggest that neuronal and vascular responses are altered in MS. Gamma power reduction could be an indicator of GM dysfunction, possibly mediated by GABAergic changes. Altered hemodynamic responses confirm previous reports of a vascular dysfunction in MS. Despite altered neuronal and vascular responses, neurovascular coupling appears to be preserved in MS, at least within the range of damage and disability studied here
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