1,721,067 research outputs found
Access to viral load monitoring for HIV infected patients on Antiretroviral Treatment in Decentralised area of low and middle income countries
No full textSur le plan mondial, le nombre de patients infectés par le VIH (PVVIH) sous traitement antirétroviral (TARV) est en constante augmentation. Les pays aux ressources limitées (PRL) sont les plus touchés par l’épidémie et de fortes inégalités existent ce malgré des objectifs ambitieux fixés par les Nations Unies en 2015 (90-90-90). Le suivi biologique nécessaire des patients sous TARV est connu et les avantages de la mesure de la charge virale (CV) sont bien établis en termes de détection précoce de l'échec thérapeutique, de détection de la non-observance au TARV et de prévention de l’accumulation de résistances. Cependant, dans les PRL et notamment en zone décentralisée, l’accès à la mesure de la CV reste très restreint. Les obstacles sont divers : difficulté d’accès pour les patients à un laboratoire en capacité d’effectuer cette mesure, manque en ressources humaines et matérielles. L’utilisation des Dried Blood Spot (DBS) comme support de prélèvement permet de surmonter ces barrières notamment du fait de sa simplicité, de l’absence de nécessité de chaine de froid et de l’utilisation des machines existantes.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer et d’évaluer une stratégie afin d’améliorer le suivi virologique des PVVIH sous TARV issus de zones décentralisées de PRL en montrant la faisabilité et la validité d’un système de collecte de DBS afin de donner accès à la mesure de la CV aux patients suivis dans des centres non dotés des machines couteuses et de la logistique nécessaire à la réalisation de celle-ci. Une méta-analyse sur le contrôle virologique en Afrique Sub-saharienne a mis en évidence un taux de succès virologique en « intention de traiter » de 65.4% [61.8_69.1] et de 56.8% [51.3-62.4] à respectivement 12 et 24 mois de TARV ainsi qu’une proportion de succès significativement plus élevée rapportées dans les essais cliniques comparativement à ceux issus des cohortes. Ensuite, plusieurs projets ont été menés afin d’obtenir des résultats dans des conditions de vie réelle dans deux zones géographiques différentes: le Cameroun et le Vietnam. Au Cameroun, une étude menée dans 12 sites décentralisés a permis d’évaluer 2215 patients dont 937 ont été évalués virologiquement. Cette étude a montré un faible taux de rétention avec 63.3%, 53.5% et 39.9% à respectivement 12, 24 et 36 mois de l’initiation du TARV. Le taux de suppression virologique était très bas avec 66.6%, 62.7% et 59.8% à respectivement 12, 24 et 36 mois de TARV. Le profil des résistances virales analysé chez les patients ayant une CV>5000 cp/mL a montré une accumulation importante des résistances virales, s’aggravant au cours du temps et hypothéquant les options. Au Vietnam, deux études incluant 198 et 203 patients, ont été menées afin d’évaluer les performances de la mesure de la CV sur DBS comparativement au plasma. Trois techniques de mesure de la CV issues de deux industriels ont été évaluées. Une sensibilité de 93.3% [81.7–98.6], 90.1% [80.7-95.9] et 54.9% [40.3–68.9] a été trouvé avec respectivement l’ancien et le nouveau protocole fournis par Abbott et le nouveau protocole fourni par Roche (FVE). La spécificité retrouvé a été respectivement de 94.8% [90.0–97.7], 96.2% [91.4-98.8] et 100% [97.5–100]. Ainsi, à travers ces travaux nous avons montré que l’utilisation des DBS est faisable, immédiatement disponible et d’un niveau de performance acceptable. Elle permet d’apporter des données précieuses tant au niveau individuel, collectif que programmatique. L’utilisation des DBS devrait être intégrée à la stratégie d’expansion de l’accès à la CV. Le suivi virologique des patients est un enjeu de Santé Publique majeur dans un contexte d’utilisation en 1ère ligne de TARV de molécules à barrière génétique faible à la résistance, d’augmentation des résistances transmises et acquises et d’un taux d’incidence encore élevé de l’infection.Worldwide, the number of HIV-infected patients (PLWHA) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is growing steadily. Low- and Middle-Incomes Countries (LMICs) are the most affected and strong inequalities still exist despite ambitious goals set by the United Nations in 2015 (90-90-90). The required biological monitoring of patients on ART is well known and the benefits of viral load (VL) measurement are well established, in terms of early detection of treatment failure, detection of non-adherence to ART and prevention of resistance accumulation. However, in LMICs and especially in decentralized areas, access to VL measurement remains scarce or unavailable. Barriers are various: difficulty for patients to reach a laboratory able to perform this measurement, lack of human and material resources. The use of Dried Blood Spot (DBS) as a sampling carrier allows to overcome these barriers, in particular because of its simplicity, the lack of the necessity of a cold chain and the use of existing machines. This PhD work aims at proposing and improving virological monitoring of PLWHA on ART living in decentralized areas of LMICs by demonstrating the feasibility and validity of a DBS collection system to provide access to VL measurement for patients followed in centres not equipped with costly machines and the logistics for its realization.A meta-analysis on virological success in Sub-Saharan Africa was conducted. This work showed a virological success rate in "intention to treat" analysis of 65.4%[61.8-69.1] and 56.8%[51.3-62.4] at 12 and 24 months of ART respectively, and a significantly higher proportion of success reported in clinical trials compared to cohorts. Then, several projects were conducted to obtain results in real life conditions in two different settings: Cameroon and Vietnam. In Cameroon, a study conducted in 12 decentralized sites evaluated 2215 PLWHA on ART, 937 of whom were virologically evaluated. This study showed a low retention rate with 63.3%, 53.5% and 39.9% at 12, 24 and 36 months after ART initiation, respectively. Virological suppression rate was also low with 66.6%, 62.7% and 59.8% at 12, 24 and 36 months of ART, respectively. Profiles of HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) in patients with VL>5000 cp/mL showed a significant accumulation of viral resistance, worsening over time and hypothecating therapeutic options. In Vietnam, two studies, involving 198 and 203 patients, were conducted to evaluate performance of VL measurement on DBS compared to plasma. Three VL techniques from two manufacturers were evaluated. Sensitivities of 93.3% [81.7-98.6], 90.1% [80.7-95.9] and 54.9% [40.3-68.9] were found with the old and optimized protocol provided by Abbott company and the new protocol provided by Roche company (FVE), respectively. Specificities were 94.8% [90.0-97.7], 96.2% [91.4-98.8] and 100% [97.5-100], respectively. Through this work, we showed that the use of DBS is feasible, immediately available and with an acceptable level of performance. It provides valuable data at the individual, collective and programmatic levels. The use of DBS should be integrated into the strategy of expanding access to VL. Virological monitoring of patients is a major public health challenge in a context of use in first line ART of molecules with a low genetic barrier to HIVDR, an increase of transmitted and acquired HIVDR and a persistently high incidence of infection
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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