1,720,978 research outputs found
Can Complaining Modify a Smoking Environment: A Study on the Effects of Complaining on Smoking Behavior in Different Bars Using Agent-Based Model Implementation
Full text linkIn spite of the smoking ban that has been implemented in several European Union countries such as Portugal, Italy, Austria, Germany, and France, the Dutch have been reluctant to implement a total smoking ban in bars. The smoking ban is widely believed to reduce nicotine levels inhaled by bar workers and customers, reduce air pollution, indirectly help potential quitters move towards having a healthy lifestyle, and protect the public from potential health risks. Further, restrictions to smoking have led to a reduction in the number of individuals who smoke, provided smoke-free environments, and decreased the exposure of children and youth to advertisements encouraging smoking behavior. Although the potential benefits of the smoking ban have been established, some bar owners in The Netherlands are reluctant to follow the implementation of the ban. Reasons mentioned by bar owners for noncompliance include minimal sanctions, competitors that allowed smoking in their bar, and delayed enforcement. Reasons to comply include: if the cost for compliance were minimal, if competitors were complying, and if the implementation of law were consistent and coordinated. In this study we simulated the behavior of smoking and nonsmoking individuals with different addiction, annoyance, and intolerance levels. Using agent-based modelling our agents were initialized with these attributes either as 1 or 2 wherein 1 represented a low level and 2 a high level. In our model we simulated how a complaining behavior can enforce a social norm, such as “no smoking is allowed.” We focused on how complaining elicits obedience to accepted norms on the basis that complaining promotes normative obedience and discourages misconduct about noncompliance of smoking individuals. Secondary to this goal is the expectation that because smoking is banned in bars but may be allowed in some other bars, a segregation of groups may emerge as a consequence of sanctioning an illegal behavior in some bars but accepting it in other bars.Keywords: Bars, complaining, emergent, nonsmoking, smoke, smoking, social norms, agent-based modelling, smoking ba
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Tendencias en la captura de pescadores artesanales cerca de áreas marinas protegidas en el sureste de Filipinas
Full text linkFishers are highly dependent on marine resources regarding food and income, which can lead to resource over-exploitation. Coral bleaching, climate change impacts, overfishing, marine pollution, and illegal fishing all pose threats to marine ecosystems, calling for conservation initiatives like the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). This study focused on the catch trends of small-scale fishers located nearby to MPAs in Mati, Mabini, San Isidro, and Lupon, southeastern Philippines. It describes the catch trends and fishing effort (CPUE) in the locally managed MPAs in Davao region and some of its implications. Data collection was conducted through actual landed catch surveys based on participatory catch assessment. The fishing gears represented in the study sites included fish traps, spear guns, longline, troll line, hook and line, multiple handlines, and gill net. The catch frequency from the different study sites was quantified (Mati = 2.1-4.0 kg trip-1, Lupon = 10.1-20.0 kg trip-1, San Isidro = 2.1-4.0 kg trip-1, Mabini = 0.1-2.0 kg trip-1) and showed declining trends. Such circumstances call for strict enforcement of the no-fishing zones within the established MPAs to generate greater yields in the long-term and benefits for the local communities. Moreover, there is a need for accurate record-keeping using databases for all the MPAs because documenting MPA recovery relies on credible data sources. Well-protected MPAs have shown abundant fisheries yield and healthy marine ecosystems that foster eco-tourism and enhance awareness on marine conservation. Ecotourism activities within the MPAs may help balance out the spatial and economic displacement of fishers that previously fish in the MPAs sites.Los pescadores dependen en gran medida de los recursos marinos para su alimentación e ingresos, lo que puede llevar a la sobreexplotación de los recursos. El blanqueamiento de corales, los impactos del cambio climático, la sobrepesca, la contaminación marina y la pesca ilegal representan amenazas para los ecosistemas marinos, lo que exige iniciativas de conservación como el establecimiento de áreas marinas protegidas (AMPs). Este estudio se centró en las tendencias de captura de los pescadores artesanales ubicados cerca de las AMPs en Mati, Mabini, San Isidro y Lupon, sureste de Filipinas. Describe las tendencias de captura y el esfuerzo pesquero (CPUE) en las AMPs gestionadas localmente en la región de Davao y algunas de sus implicaciones. La recopilación de datos se realizó a través de censos de captura efectivamente desembarcada, basados en la evaluación participativa de capturas. Las artes de pesca representadas en los sitios de estudio incluyeron nasas, fusiles submarinos, palangre, línea de cacea, línea y anzuelo, líneas de mano múltiples y redes de enmalle. Se cuantificó la frecuencia de captura de los diferentes sitios de estudio (Mati = 2,1-4,0 kg viaje-1, Lupon = 10,1-20,0 kg viaje-1, San Isidro = 2,1-4,0 kg viaje-1, Mabini = 0,1-2,0 kg viaje-1) y mostró tendencias decrecientes. Tales circunstancias exigen una aplicación estricta de las zonas de veda dentro de las AMPs establecidas para generar mayores rendimientos a largo plazo y beneficios para las comunidades locales. Además, existe la necesidad de un mantenimiento de registros precisos utilizando bases de datos para todas las AMPs, ya que la documentación de la recuperación de las AMPs se basa en fuentes de datos creíbles. Las AMPs bien protegidas han mostrado un rendimiento pesquero abundante y ecosistemas marinos saludables que fomentan el ecoturismo y mejoran la conciencia sobre la conservación marina. Las actividades de ecoturismo dentro de las AMPs pueden ayudar a equilibrar el desplazamiento espacial y económico de los pescadores que anteriormente pescaban en los sitios de las AMP
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Catch trends of small-scale fishers near marine protected areas in southeastern Philippines
No full textFishers are highly dependent on marine resources regarding food and income, which can lead to resource over-exploitation. Coral bleaching, climate change impacts, overfishing, marine pollution, and illegal fishing all pose threats to marine ecosystems, calling for conservation initiatives like the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). This study focused on the catch trends of small-scale fishers located nearby to MPAs in Mati, Mabini, San Isidro, and Lupon, southeastern Philippines. It describes the catch trends and fishing effort (CPUE) in the locally managed MPAs in Davao region and some of its implications. Data collection was conducted through actual landed catch surveys based on participatory catch assessment. The fishing gears represented in the study sites included fish traps, spear guns, longline, troll line, hook and line, multiple handlines, and gill net. The catch frequency from the different study sites was quantified (Mati = 2.1-4.0 kg trip-1, Lupon = 10.1-20.0 kg trip-1, San Isidro = 2.1-4.0 kg trip-1, Mabini = 0.1-2.0 kg trip-1) and showed declining trends. Such circumstances call for strict enforcement of the no-fishing zones within the established MPAs to generate greater yields in the long-term and benefits for the local communities. Moreover, there is a need for accurate record-keeping using databases for all the MPAs because documenting MPA recovery relies on credible data sources. Well-protected MPAs have shown abundant fisheries yield and healthy marine ecosystems that foster eco-tourism and enhance awareness on marine conservation. Ecotourism activities within the MPAs may help balance out the spatial and economic displacement of fishers that previously fish in the MPAs sites.Los pescadores dependen en gran medida de los recursos marinos para su alimentación e ingresos, lo que puede llevar a la sobreexplotación de los recursos. El blanqueamiento de corales, los impactos del cambio climático, la sobrepesca, la contaminación marina y la pesca ilegal representan amenazas para los ecosistemas marinos, lo que exige iniciativas de conservación como el establecimiento de áreas marinas protegidas (AMPs). Este estudio se centró en las tendencias de captura de los pescadores artesanales ubicados cerca de las AMPs en Mati, Mabini, San Isidro y Lupon, sureste de Filipinas. Describe las tendencias de captura y el esfuerzo pesquero (CPUE) en las AMPs gestionadas localmente en la región de Davao y algunas de sus implicaciones. La recopilación de datos se realizó a través de censos de captura efectivamente desembarcada, basados en la evaluación participativa de capturas. Las artes de pesca representadas en los sitios de estudio incluyeron nasas, fusiles submarinos, palangre, línea de cacea, línea y anzuelo, líneas de mano múltiples y redes de enmalle. Se cuantificó la frecuencia de captura de los diferentes sitios de estudio (Mati = 2,1-4,0 kg viaje-1, Lupon = 10,1-20,0 kg viaje-1, San Isidro = 2,1-4,0 kg viaje-1, Mabini = 0,1-2,0 kg viaje-1) y mostró tendencias decrecientes. Tales circunstancias exigen una aplicación estricta de las zonas de veda dentro de las AMPs establecidas para generar mayores rendimientos a largo plazo y beneficios para las comunidades locales. Además, existe la necesidad de un mantenimiento de registros precisos utilizando bases de datos para todas las AMPs, ya que la documentación de la recuperación de las AMPs se basa en fuentes de datos creíbles. Las AMPs bien protegidas han mostrado un rendimiento pesquero abundante y ecosistemas marinos saludables que fomentan el ecoturismo y mejoran la conciencia sobre la conservación marina. Las actividades de ecoturismo dentro de las AMPs pueden ayudar a equilibrar el desplazamiento espacial y económico de los pescadores que anteriormente pescaban en los sitios de las AMP
Comportamiento y composición de la dieta del cangrejo violinista en Guang-guang, Dahican, Mati City, Davao Oriental, Filipinas
Full text linkThis paper aims to provide information about the behavior and diet composition of fiddler crabs. The large percentage of sediments present in the stomach of fiddler crabs proves that fiddler crabs play an important role in aerating the soil, which would help in the growth of mangrove and wetland plants. Observations were done in sandy, muddy, and coralline substrates for four months. Thirty fiddler crabs were collected for laboratory test of their diet composition. Sediments had the highest percentage in the stomach content of the fiddler crabs (60%), followed by chum (25%), and leaf particles (15%). The analysis of the fullness of their stomach showed that it was highly significant (df = 2, MS = 2.09, F = 34.34, p = 0.001). While the fiddler crabs ate all three colors of mangrove leaves, it preferred to forage on yellow leaves (n = 104) followed by the brown leaves (n = 78) and the green leaves (n = 77), proving that nutrient recycling occurs in the mangrove area. The existence of the fiddler crabs contributes to a more stable mangrove ecosystem. In addition, this study is the first assessment of fiddler crabs documented in Mindanao, Philippines. Results of the study can be used as a baseline for the protection of mangrove ecosystem species.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proporcionar información sobre el comportamiento y la composición de la dieta de los cangrejos violinistas. El gran porcentaje de sedimentos presentes en el estómago de los cangrejos violinistas demuestra que los cangrejos violinistas juegan un papel importante en la aireación del suelo, lo que ayudaría al crecimiento de las plantas de manglares y humedales. Las observaciones se realizaron en sustratos arenosos, fangosos y coralinos durante cuatro meses. Treinta cangrejos violinistas fueron recolectados para estudiar en de laboratorio la composición de su dieta. Los sedimentos tuvieron el porcentaje más alto en el contenido estomacal de los cangrejos violinistas (60%), seguidos de la carnada (25%) y las partículas de hojas (15%). El nivel de llenado del estómago mostró que era altamente significativo (df = 2, MS = 2,09, F = 34,34, p = 0,001). Si bien los cangrejos violinistas comieron los tres colores de las hojas de mangle, prefirieron alimentarse de las hojas amarillas (n = 104), seguidas de las hojas marrones (n = 78) y las hojas verdes (n = 77), lo que demuestra que el reciclaje de nutrientes ocurre en la zona de manglares. Los cangrejos violinistas contribuyen a mantener un ecosistema de manglar más estable. Además, este estudio representa la primera evaluación de cangrejos violinistas documentada en Mindanao, Filipinas. Los resultados se pueden utilizar como referencia para la protección de las especies del ecosistema de manglares
- …
