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FIG. 23 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
No full textFIG. 23. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344. Pneumatization of the left middle ear based on 3-D reconstructions from micro-CT data in A, lateral, B, medial, and C, rostral views. Osseous labyrinth in pink and petrosal shown as semitransparent. Minor evaginations of the ventral paratympanic space not separately identified. Abbreviations: cps, caudal paratympanic space; ct, tympanic cavity; eam, external acoustic meatus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); vps, ventral paratympanic space.Published as part of Forasiepi, Analía M., Macphee, Ross D.E. & Pino, Santiago Hernández del, 2019, Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth, pp. 1-65 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (433) on page 37, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.433.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/541565
FIG. 15. Prothylacynus patagonicus MACN-A 5931 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
No full textFIG. 15. Prothylacynus patagonicus MACN-A 5931 from Corriguen-Kaik, Santa Cruz, Argentina; Santa Cruz Formation; Santacrucian, Early Miocene. Ventral view of A, the caudal cranium, with B, key. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; codf, condyloid foramen; cs, carotid sulcus; eam, external acoustic meatus; ewsq, squamosal epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; fs, facial sulcus; hf, hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptp, posttympanic process; SQ, squamosal; tc, transverse canal. In this taxon, the more rostral foramen, opening into the basijugular sulcus, is tiny, and it presumably did not carry the hypoglossal nerve. For this reason, we identify it as a strictly venous foramen. Asterisk (*) indicates putative suture between alisphenoid and squamosal. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.Published as part of Forasiepi, Analía M., Macphee, Ross D.E. & Pino, Santiago Hernández del, 2019, Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth, pp. 1-65 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (433) on page 26, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.433.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/541565
FIG. 27 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
No full textFIG. 27. Developmental contrasts in ontogeny of carotid foramen in representative marsupial and placental taxa: A, Lepus sp. (reconstruction, 45 mm CRL); B, Perameles sp. (reconstruction, 23 mm CRL); C, Monodelphis domestica (ZIUT; 15d postpartum, head, cleared and stained); D, Macropus eugenii (29 mm CRL); and E, Hemicentetes semispinosus (MPIH 1964/45, near-term fetus; 40 mm CRL). Abbreviations for A and B (from De Beer, 1937): acc, alicochlear commissure; ali, alisphenoid bone; at, ala temporalis; bcf, basicochlear (= basicapsular) fissure; bo, basioccipital bone; bs, basisphenoid bone; ds, dorsum sellae; exo, exoccipital bone; fac, internal acoustic meatus; fc, carotid foramen; fen, endolymphatic canal; fo, optic foramen; fpc, foramen prechiasmaticum; fpo, foramen pseudopticum; fr, foramen rotundum; fro, frontal bone; fsa, subarcuate fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramen; ip, interparietal; jug, jugal bone; lpc, lateral prefacial commissure; max, maxillary bone; nas, nasal bone; pal, processus alaris; par, parietal bone; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, preoptic root of orbital cartilage; sob, supraoccipital bone; sq, squamosal bone. Abbreviations for C –E: AL, alisphenoid; at, auditory tube; BS, basisphenoid; cars, cavernous sinus; CNV, trigeminal (cranial) nerve; co, cochlear duct; ct, cavum tympani (= tympanic cavity); D, dentary; EC, ectotympanic; fc, carotid foramen; G, gonial; gpn, greater petrosal nerve (CNVII); ica, internal carotid artery; icn, internal carotid nerve; icv, internal carotid vein; Mc, Meckel's cartilage; mpt, medial pterygoid muscle; pa, processus alaris; pf, piriform fenestra; pr, promontorium; SQ, squamosal; tpbs, tympanic process of basisphenoid; ttm, tensor tympani muscle. In E, pair of asterisks (*) indicates the cartilaginous alichochlear commissures being replaced by bone, forming the definitive carotid foramen.Published as part of Forasiepi, Analía M., Macphee, Ross D.E. & Pino, Santiago Hernández del, 2019, Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth, pp. 1-65 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (433) on page 53, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.433.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/541565
FIG. 9 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
No full textFIG. 9. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344, in A, oblique ventral and B, lateroventral views, with C, general key. Note that in A the detached bulla is in its original position. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; eam, external acoustic meatus;?EC,?ectotympanic; ewal, alisphenoid epitympanic wing; ewsq, squamosal epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; for, foramen rotundum; FR, frontal; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgc, postglenoid canal;?sat,?sulcus for the auditory tube; sfn, septum for facial nerve; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; SQ, squamosal. Dashed line on left bulla marks suture track, the accuracy of which is undetermined. Asterisk (*) indicates unprepared area, within which the primary jugular foramen is located. The canal conducting the internal jugular and cranial nerves through the left bulla to the secondary jugular foramen on the latter's outer wall can be seen in B (broken during removal of right bulla, no longer identifiable on basicranium). Crosshatching indicates damage due to erosion or bullar removal. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.Published as part of Forasiepi, Analía M., Macphee, Ross D.E. & Pino, Santiago Hernández del, 2019, Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth, pp. 1-65 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (433) on page 19, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.433.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/541565
Reevaluación de los circuitos craneanos de la arteria carótida interna en Notoungulata (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla)
No full textOn the basis of selected osteological markers, Patterson (1936) identified two pathways (here designated A and B) along which the internal carotid artery in notoungulates was said to travel in order to enter the skull and supply the brain. The existence of these pathways, at least as Patterson defined them, has been disputed but no substantive alternatives have been proposed. Using comparative embryological and morphological evidence based on conditions in extant mammals, we find that pathway A (intratympanic) is not supported. Pathway B (enclosed extratympanic) is supportable, but as far as is now known applies only to a small number of notoungulate taxa. On the basis of new evidence, we propose another route, pathway C, briefly mentioned by Scott (1912) but subsequently ignored, that may apply to the majority of notoungulates. In pathway C (unenclosed extratympanic) the internal carotid passed directly into the endocranium via a naturally unossified area of the basicranium, the piriform fenestra, rather than coursing through or alongside the middle ear in a canal. The absence of a separate, bony carotid foramen on the basicranium's ventral surface may explain the hesitancy of previous workers to consider this routing. There is no evidence that the function of the internal carotid artery was supplanted by another vessel (e.g., external carotid artery) in any notoungulate. Conditions in other major clades of South American native ungulates are poorly investigated, but some clearly differed from notoungulates in carotid patterning, pointing to the existence of substantial intertaxon disparities.Sobre la base de indicadores osteológicos, Patterson (1936) reconoció dos circuitos (aquí designados A y B) del supuesto recorrido de la arteria carótida interna en los notoungulados para ingresar al cráneo e irrigar el cerebro. La existencia de estos circuitos, al menos como fueron definidos por Patterson, ha sido cuestionada, aunque no existen en la literatura alternativas viables. Utilizando la embriología comparativa y la evidencia morfológica de los mamíferos vivientes, entendemos que el circuito A (intratimpánico) no está sustentado. El circuito B (extratimpánico confinado) es plausible, pero de acuerdo a nuestra revisión, se aplica únicamente a un número reducido de taxa de notoungulados. Sobre la base de la nueva evidencia, proponemos otro circuito (C), brevemente mencionado por Scott (1912), pero luego ignorado, que podría aplicarse a la mayoría de los notoungulados. En el circuito C (extratimpánico no-confinado), la carótida interna ingresa al endocráneo a través de un espacio sin osificación, la fenestra piriforme, en vez de atravesar el oído medio o pasar por un canal próximo a este. La ausencia de un foramen carotídeo delimitado por osificación en la superficie ventral del basicráneo podría explicar la vacilación de los investigadores previos de considerar esta ruta. No hay evidencia de que la función de la arteria carótida interna fuera reemplazada por otro vaso sanguíneo (e.g., arteria carótida externa) en ningún notoungulado. La condición de otros clados mayores de ungulados nativos sudamericanos está menos explorada, aunque algunos difieren claramente de los notoungulados en su patrón carotídeo, sugiriendo la existencia de una disparidad morfológica importante.Fil: MacPhee, Ross D.E.. American Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Forasiepi, Analia Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentin
Day of the (Un)Dead: The De-Extinction Enterprise BethShapiroHow to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction2015Princeton University Press240 pp., $24.95
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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