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The Roots of Improvement:Early Seventeenth-Century Agriculture on the Mains of Dundas, Linlithgowshire
No full textThe Roots of Improvement:Early Seventeenth-Century Agriculture on the Mains of Dundas, Linlithgowshire
No full textAlien Registration- Macdonald, Alan J. (Rumford, Oxford County)
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Groundwater research issues in Africa
Get PDFPoverty reduction and economic growth drive the development of groundwater resources
across Africa. Due to the ephemeral nature of surface water, groundwater abstraction is often
the only realistic and affordable means of providing reliable water supply for much of
Africa’s needs. However, the large variability in geological and hydrological conditions have
a profound influence on the availability of groundwater across the continent, and the
sustainable development of the resource depends on an accurate understanding of the
hydrogeology and the availability of skilled people to make informed decisions. Despite the
obvious need for data, little attention has been paid to the systematic gathering of information
about groundwater resources, with the result that data are patchy, knowledge is limited and
investment is often poorly targeted. Given the scale of groundwater development in Africa,
there is now a pressing need to take groundwater resources seriously and provide a framework
and funds for applied groundwater research across Africa to underpin current and future
development and management of this precious resource. This framework must recognise the
issues of particular concern to Africa, such as: the requirement to develop sustainable and cost
effective community water supplies across all hydrogeological environments (even
challenging ones); appropriately managing and protecting groundwater resources given the
rate of rapid poorly planned urbanisation and the expansion in on-site sanitation and; the
imperatives of water security, from household to national levels, with unpredictability of
future climate, groundwater recharge and water demand
African hydrogeology and rural water supply
Get PDFThe widespread development of groundwater is the only affordable and sustainable way of
improving access to clean water and meeting the Millennium Development Goals for water
supply by 2015. Current approaches to rural water supply, in particular demand driven
approaches and decentralisation of service delivery have many benefits to the overall efficacy
and sustainability of water supplies, however, problems arise when projects do not take into
consideration the nature of the groundwater resources. Different approaches and technologies
are required depending on the hydrogeological environment. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can
be divided into four hydrogeological provinces: (1) The crystalline basement occupies 40% of
the land area of SSA and supports 235 million rural inhabitants. (2) Volcanic rocks occupy
6% of the land area of SSA, and sustain a rural population of 45 million, many of whom live
in the drought stricken areas of the Horn of Africa; (3) Consolidated sedimentary rocks
occupy 32% of the land area of SSA and sustain a rural population of 110 million: (4)
Unconsolidated sediments occupy 22% of the land area of SSA and sustain a rural population
of 60 million. Hydrogeological expertise can have significant benefit to rural water supplies
by increasing capacity throughout projects by effectively transferring knowledge; by
providing authoritative benchmarking, by focused research and by providing accessible
advice to planners and policy makers
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The bailer test : a simple effective pumping test for assessing borehole success
Get PDFA new pumping test method has been designed around the practical requirements of those working in rural water-supply projects in developing countries. The bailer test needs only simple equipment and can be completed in under 1 h. The test involves removing 20–50 bails from a borehole over a 10-min period and then measuring the recovery. The test is analysed using large-diameter-well analysis (which accounts for well storage) and is appropriate for testing low productivity aquifers (transmissivity 0.1–10 m2 d–1), where water levels are shallow (<20 m depth). The bailer test was developed and trialled in a rural water supply project in Nigeria where it was found to predict similar transmissivity to 5-h constant rate tests (r 2=0.9). Analysis of the test was further simplified to provide guidelines for field staff such as community health workers. The likelihood of a borehole sustaining a handpump for 250 people can be indicated by measuring the maximum drawdown and time for 50 and 75% recovery from a bailer test and comparing to a simple table. This simplified test is now being used in this and other rural water-supply projects, and has been modified to indicate whether a borehole can sustain higher yields for small-scale irrigation
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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