1,720,975 research outputs found
Rhinoviruses induce interleukin-8 mRNA and protein production in human monocytes
No full textRhinoviruses are important upper respiratory pathogens that are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. However, the inflammatory response to rhinovirus infection is poorly understood. Interleukin (IL)-8 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections and asthma. Rhinovirus-induced IL-8 release and mRNA induction were examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Rhinoviruses induced IL-8 release for up to 7 days after inoculation onto PBMC. This was associated with an increase in IL-8 mRNA expression that peaked 48 h after exposure to the virus. IL-8 protein production was reduced by UV inactivation of the virus and abolished by preventing virus-receptor binding. Although rhinovirus replication was not demonstrated in PBMC, low-grade productive infection was shown in the human monocyte cell line THP-1. Rhinovirus induction of IL-8 in monocytes or airway macrophages may be important in the pathogenesis of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbation
Low grade rhinovirus infection induces a prolonged release of IL-8 in pulmonary epithelium
No full textRhinoviruses are important respiratory pathogens implicated in asthma exacerbations. The mechanisms by which rhinoviruses trigger inflammatory responses in the lower airway are poorly understood, in particular their ability to infect the lower airway. Bronchial inflammatory cell (lymphocyte and eosinophil) recruitment has been demonstrated. IL-8 is a potent proinflammatory chemokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes and may be important in the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma. Increased levels of IL-8 have been found in nasal samples in natural and experimental rhinovirus infections. In these studies we therefore examine the ability of rhinovirus to infect a transformed lower airway epithelial cell line (A549) and to induce IL-8 protein release and mRNA induction. We observed that rhinovirus type 9 is able to undergo full viral replication in A549 cells, and peak viral titers were found 24 h after inoculation. Rhinovirus infection induced a dose- and time-dependent IL-8 release up to 5 days after infection and an increase in IL-8 mRNA expression that was maximal between 3 and 24 h after infection. UV inactivation of the virus completely inhibited replication, but only reduced IL-8 protein production and mRNA induction by half, while prevention of virus-receptor binding completely inhibited virus-induced IL-8 release, suggesting that part of the observed effects was due to viral replication and part was due to virus-receptor binding. These studies demonstrate that rhinoviruses are capable of infecting a pulmonary epithelial cell line and inducing IL-8 release. These findings may be important in understanding the pathogenesis of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
