1,720,956 research outputs found
A Social Philosophical Inquiry on Machines and Power: From Steam Engines to AI
Get PDF本稿は機械の社会的影響を社会思想的観点から考察するものである。機械が広範な社会的影響を与えることになったのは蒸気機関の普及とともに生じた産業革命以後であるため、本稿はマルクスの機械論を中心に 19 世紀以降の議論を参照し、機械の社会的影響をとりわけ権力との関わりから検討する。ただし本稿は従来の主体化/服従化の権力論ではなく、物理的環境を通じた権力の執行に関してその分析を行い、同時に機械がもたらす物象化の問題に関しても従来とは異なる視点をとり、マルクスとウェーバーの機械論を接合する形で検討を進める。本稿の最後で、機械に関するこれらの考察の成果に基づき人工知能(AI)の社会的影響に関する分析と予測を行う。This paper uses the context of social philosophy to study the influence of machines on society. The focus is on post-Industrial Revolution machinery developments when mechanized factories driven by steam engines brought about significant social change. Karl Marx provided the basic framework to analyze these changes, especially in relation to power, which enables us to investigate the “principle of machines” for social control, that is, power executed through physical social environments. This type of power cannot be studied through the social thought of “subjection (assujettissement)” and should be analyzed through the idea of “architecture,” as presented by L. Lessig. On the basis of this study, we examine a new interpretation to connect Marx’s and Max Weber’s analysis of machines and the possible problem of objective reification it reveals. In the last section, we consider the predicted influences of artificial intelligence on society using ideas clarified by this pape
Are Markets Evil ? A Critical Examination of K. Polanyi’s The Great Transformation
Get PDF本稿では、しばしば諸論議の前提に置かれる市場の「非道徳性」について検討し、社会的課題と市場機能との関係の意義を探る。その際に、市場の非道徳性を強調する議論としてとくにカール・ポランニーの議論を参照し、その批判的読解から市場をその固有性において非道徳的なものとみなす視点の問題点を指摘する。この批判的読解において論点となるのは、市場と資本主義の同一視である。フェルナン・ブローデルの市場と資本主義に関する歴史研究を一つの参照点として、市場と資本主義の間を区別する立論の可能性を検討し、そのような区別が規範的議論において持つ意義を、新自由主義批判との比較も交えながら考察する。This article examines the “immorality” of markets and explores the significance of the relationship between social issues and markets. From a critical perspective, it focuses on Karl Polanyi’s argument, which portrays the market as a “satanic mill.” The problem with Polanyi’s argument is that it conflates the market mechanism with capitalism. By distinguishing markets from capitalism, Fernand Braudel presented their historical relationship and, in particular, clarified how capitalists controlled markets. On the basis of Braudel’s study, one could argue that the causes of social issues should be attributed not to markets but to capitalism. The article confirms the significance of this idea by comparing it with several analyses developed in critical studies of neoliberalism
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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