1,721,006 research outputs found
Use of cocultures for the study of cellular interactions influencing B cell regulatory functions
No full textMany immunological processes are contextually controlled by complex interactions among different cell types. Several studies have shown that B cells produce the immune regulatory cytokine IL-10 in response to different external stimuli but also to immune-mediated signals. Endogenous signals that derive from the cross talk between B lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system can affect IL-10 production by B cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. With the aim to provide a guide for the study of how partner cells can induce IL-10-producing B cells, here we describe the protocols to investigate IL-10 production at a single cell level in a dendritic cell-B cell coculture in vitro system. These methods are a proof of concept that can be easily extrapolated and adapted to the study of the interaction between B cells and other immune cell types
Purification of Murine and Human IL-10-Producing B Cells from Different Anatomical Compartments
No full textIL-10 is the best known and most studied anti-inflammatory cytokine and, in the last 20 years, it has acquired even greater fame as it has been associated with the regulatory phenotype of B cells. Indeed, although great efforts have been made to find a unique marker, to date IL-10 remains the main way to follow both murine and human regulatory B cells, hence the need of precise and reproducible methods to identify and purify IL-10-producing B cells for both functional and molecular downstream assays. In this chapter, we present our protocols to isolate these cells from the murine spleen and peritoneum and from human peripheral blood. Since the production of IL-10 by B cells is not only a weapon to counteract the adverse effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines but also a response to cellular activation, we focused on those B cells that are prone to IL-10 production and detectable following a short-term stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, ionomycin, and lipopolysaccharide (murine system) or CpG (human system)
Regulatory B cells: Evidence, developmental origin and population diversity
No full textThe adaptive immune system has developed several highly effective mechanisms in order to avoid excessive or unwanted reactions and promote resolution of immune activation. An emerging, significant body of evidence indicates that B cells can actively modulate immune responses by mechanisms that do not directly involve the production of antibodies. B cells appear to have the capacity to both induce and suppress immune effector mechanisms and they exert these functions both by contact-dependent interactions and through the secretion of cytokines. In this review we will focus on the regulatory suppressive function of several recently described B cell populations, functionally defined "regulatory B cells" or Breg cells. We will first outline the evidence that has led to their identification and then we will summarize current hypotheses on their ontogeny and possible lineage relationship
Human MSCs affect the B cell survival and differentiation in CD19 dim and CD19 bright B cell subpopulations
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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