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The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) in China mixed in their Wolbachia phylogenetic tree
No full textXie, Lin, Miao, Hui, Hong, Xiao-Yue (2006): The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) in China mixed in their Wolbachia phylogenetic tree. Zootaxa 1165 (1): 33-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1165.1.2, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1165.1.
The Chaiyao 差徭 and Qing-miao Hui 靑苗會 in the Northern China during the Qing : A Case Of Shun-Tian Fu 順天府, Bao-Di Xian 賓坻縣 since The Years Of Jiaqing 嘉慶
Get PDFIt was the common practice that local governments collected taxes from the peasants in rural society under the name of the duty of long distance relay in case of budget shortage in the northern China. The expenses, levied from rural society due to budget shortage were called chaiyao. Chaiyao was an important source for local budget which was unflexible, but from the peasant's standpoint, it was a serious pressure on them as it was levied irregularly as the local government's pleases. To cope with the heavy payment of chaiyao, the peasants joined the rural organizations like che hui 車會 and qing-miao hui. Before the years of Jiaqing and Daoguang 道光, leading members in the village paid the expenses assigned by local governments. Under this way of levying chaiyao, they formed che hui in order to collect the chaiyao money. In the years of Tonzhi 同治, the way of levying chaiyao on a land basis became common in rural society. The chaiyao money was collected as part of the qing-miao money, and became of the activities of qing-miao hui. The increase of chaiyao which had been started clearly from the Jiaqing years brought this change of the levying way. The peasants got over the rapidly increasing expenses by participating in rural organizations, particularly qing-miao hul. Qing-miao hui was an organization guarding harvest originally. But we can conjecture that it was gradually transformed into a cooperate association providing public services such as repairing village roads and temples in rural society while it was going to perform the task of levying chaiyao. In fact, this expanding function can also be found in the qing-miao hui of the 20th century. Based on rural surveys in the 20th century, qing-miao hui not only guarded harvest but also filled the budget shortage and labor of local governments
<Articles>The Ch'ihg-miao-hui 青苗会 in Ch'ing Period in Rural North China : The Case of Pao-ti-hsien 宝[チ]県, Shun-t'ien-fu 順天府, after the Chia-ch'ing 嘉慶 Era
No full text個人情報保護のため削除部分あり収穫期において作物の監視を行なう看青は、農作業の過程に関わって形成される農民の協力関係であり、その活動は、青苗会という団体によって運営された。清代における青苗会は、雇用労働者を使用する自営農及び安定的な家族経営農民を構成員の中心として、一つ或いは複数の「村荘」の範囲で組織された。青苗会は、農民が居住し耕作地が所在する区域において、作物監視の協力が行なわれるという点で、地縁的集団(「村」) の性格を備えていたが、また同時に、収穫時に組織されること、参加は農民の任意であり、看青が行なわれた土地の範囲も一円的でなかったという点で、特定の目的を遂行するために、必要な期間のみ成立する任意参加の集団(「会」) としての性格も備えていた。青苗会を組織して行なわれる団体的な看青は、十九世紀以降確認することができるが、清代の農村社会における青苗会の役割は、近代におけるそれとは異なるものであったと考えられる。Crop watching (k'an-ch'ing 看青) was maanaged by a crop watching Association (Ch'ing-miao hui青苗会) in..the Ch'ing petiod. The organization of 'k'an-ch'ing was cooperative, and was formed in the process of farm work. The Ch'ing-miao-hui, whose leading members were farmers that employed wage labor and well-to-do peasant families, were ・organized either within a single village (ts'un-chuang 村荘) or across the borders of several villages. The Ch'ing-miao-hui can be described in two different ways. On the one hand, their organization was similar to that of a ts'un (village community) in that it was territorially defined; a k'an-ch'ing community included both residences and their' associated fields. On the other hand, Ch'ing-miao-hui resembled voluntary associations, or hui 会. Organized crop watching took place only during the harvest season. Furthermore, some villagers within a given ts'un-chuang did not take part in the association, and the area covered by the Ch'ing-miao- hui was not necessarily coextensive with that of village. Crop watching was organized by the crop watching association from at least the early nineteenth century. The role of the association in rural society underwent a transformation, however, between the Ch'ing and modern periods
65 Drivers of general health checks in china and the risk of overdiagnosisdrivers of general health checks in china and the risk of overdiagnosis
No full textRobot path planning in dynamic environments using a simulated annealing based approach
No full textMobile robots are widely used in many industrial fields. Research on path planning for mobile robots is one of the most important aspects in mobile robots research. Path planning for a mobile robot is to find a collision-free route, through the robot’s environment with obstacles, from a specified start location to a desired goal destination while satisfying certain optimization criteria. Most of the existing path planning methods, such as the visibility graph, the cell decomposition, and the potential field are designed with the focus on static environments, in which there are only stationary obstacles. However, in practical systems such as Marine Science Research, Robots in Mining Industry, and RoboCup games, robots usually face dynamic environments, in which both moving and stationary obstacles exist. Because of the complexity of the dynamic environments, research on path planning in the environments with dynamic obstacles is limited. Limited numbers of papers have been published in this area in comparison with hundreds of reports on path planning in stationary environments in the open literature. \ud
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Recently, a genetic algorithm based approach has been introduced to plan the optimal path for a mobile robot in a dynamic environment with moving obstacles. However, with the increase of the number of the obstacles in the environment, and the changes of the moving speed and direction of the robot and obstacles, the size of the problem to be solved increases sharply. Consequently, the performance of the genetic algorithm based approach deteriorates significantly. This motivates the research of this work.\ud
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This research develops and implements a simulated annealing algorithm based approach to find the optimal path for a mobile robot in a dynamic environment with moving obstacles. The simulated annealing algorithm is an optimization algorithm similar to the genetic algorithm in principle. However, our investigation and simulations have indicated that the simulated annealing algorithm based approach is simpler and easier to implement. Its performance is also shown to be superior to that of the genetic algorithm based approach in both online and offline processing times as well as in obtaining the optimal solution for path planning of the robot in the dynamic environment.\ud
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The first step of many path planning methods is to search an initial feasible path for the robot. A commonly used method for searching the initial path is to randomly pick up some vertices of the obstacles in the search space. This is time consuming in both static and dynamic path planning, and has an important impact on the efficiency of the dynamic path planning. This research proposes a heuristic method to search the feasible initial path efficiently. Then, the heuristic method is incorporated into the proposed simulated annealing algorithm based approach for dynamic robot path planning. Simulation experiments have shown that with the incorporation of the heuristic method, the developed simulated annealing algorithm based approach requires much shorter processing time to get the optimal solutions in the dynamic path planning problem. Furthermore, the quality of the solution, as characterized by the length of the planned path, is also improved with the incorporated heuristic method in the simulated annealing based approach for both online and offline path planning
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Using Inter-crossed F3 Populations
No full text用來研究數量性狀基因座(Quantitative trait loci, QTL) 的定位之族群大多為回交與自交族群, 而本文提出一針對互交F3族群的QTL 定位統計模式, 並且討論其定位之效率與估計。由於數量性狀基因座的基因型態未知, 故統計模式為一個混合常態的模型。將混合常態模型視為不完整資料問題, 可以採用EM 演算法求出QTL 的作用與位置的估計值。由於F3提供更多的重組訊息, 所以此種族群的定位有可能會比F2來的精準。因此, 本文藉由所提之統計模式研究F3族群在QTL 定位上的性質, 並在控制樣本個數、遺傳率與兩基因座之間的距離來做模擬研究, 比較F2和F3族群在QTL 定位上的效率, 我們發現在針對兩連鎖QTL 的偵測和估計方面, 一般而言F3族群都比F2族群容易同時偵查出兩個連鎖的QTL, 並且估計值較為準確, 尤其是在小樣本, 基因座距離很靠近或是遺傳率很低的時候, 其偵測的效果差異更為顯著。本研究可做為針對利用Advanced intercross populations 來進行QTL 定位研究的基礎同時對於改善QTL 的定位有莫大的幫助。Most of the current statistical methods of QTL mapping are developed for the backcross and F2 populations. The inter-crossed F3 population is also a popular experimental population for QTL study. As the F3 population can provide more recombinants than the backcross and F2 populations, it could be more efficient in mapping for closely linked QTL. We propose a statistical model to estimate the effects and
positions of two closely linked QTL for the F3 population. As the genotypes of QTL are usually unknown, the tatistical model is a finite mixture model. By treating the mixture model as an incomplete data problem, the EM lgorithm is implemented to obtain the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. Simulations were used to illustrate the performance of the proposed statistical QTL mapping model in the F3 population and evaluate the relative efficiency in the F3 population (as comparing to that of the F2 population) in QTL mapping under several factors, such as sample size, genetic distance between QTL (and markers), the proportion of trait variance contributed by QTL (i.e. heritability). It is found that the QTL mapping by using the F3 population is more powerful and precise in separating two closely linked QTL and estimating the parameters than the use of the F2 population under those controlled factors, especially for small sample size, close genetic distance and low heritability. The paper can help outlining a strategy of detecting tightly linked QTL for the advanced intercross populations to improve the resolution of genetic architecture of quantitative traits.Table of Contents iv
Abstract v
Abstract (in Chinese) vii
Acknowledgements viii
1 Introduction 1
2 Experimental Populations 4
3 Genetic Model 8
4 Statistical Model for QTL Mapping and Likelihood Function 10
5 EM Algorithm for Obtaining the MLEs 12
6 Hypothesis Testing 15
7 Simulation 17
8 Conclusion and Discussion 27
Bibliography 2
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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