1,720,962 research outputs found
ANALISI E MODELLAZIONE DELLE INTERAZIONI VEICOLO-PEDONE PER LO SVILUPPO DI SISTEMI ATTIVI DI ASSISTENZA ALLA GUIDA E DI PROTEZIONE DEI PEDONI
Full text linkLa sicurezza e la mobilità dei pedoni sono requisiti basilari che dovrebbero caratterizzare ogni sistema di trasporto urbano. Tuttavia, le morti degli utenti della strada più vulnerabili costituiscono ancora oggi una componente significativa di tutte le vittime della strada nel Mondo. Nonostante gli innumerevoli sforzi compiuti per l’innovazione tecnologica dei veicoli e il riesame degli spazi urbani, le statistiche sull’incidentalità dimostrano la necessità e l’importanza di sviluppare sempre più affidabili sistemi di protezione in grado di diminuire gli impatti sociali ed economici del sistema di trasporto.
Sebbene sul mercato di massa siano stati immessi molti sistemi di frenata automatica di emergenza (o AEB, dall’inglese Automatic Emergency Braking), una misura di sicurezza chiave nei veicoli moderni in grado di evitare o mitigare gli effetti di una collisione, diversi ricercatori hanno individuato una nuova strategia per lo sviluppo efficiente di questi sistemi: migliorare la sicurezza dei pedoni nel traffico urbano richiede sistemi “intelligenti” in grado, non solo di comprendere lo stato attuale dell’interazione veicolo-pedone, ma di anticipare proattivamente il futuro modello di rischio dell’evento. In altre parole, prevedere in anticipo le decisioni degli utenti nella scena di traffico, interpretare i comportamenti dei conducenti e definire accurate metriche di valutazione del rischio sono gli obbiettivi da perseguire per raggiungere nuovi traguardi nell’ambito della mobilità sostenibile.
Questo elaborato discute la natura globale del problema della sicurezza dei pedoni e i diversi approcci che sono stati sviluppati dai gruppi di ricerca nel Mondo per affrontarlo. Inoltre, la tesi presenta nel dettaglio lo studio, l’implementazione e l’analisi di un innovativo modello di valutazione del rischio, recentemente oggetto di pubblicazione su rivista internazionale, per l’efficientamento dei sistemi di assistenza alla guida esistenti. Il modello proposto, basato su moderne tecniche di Machine Learning e processi di analisi in linea con la letteratura scientifica più recente, è in grado di predire, fino a tre secondi nel futuro, il livello di rischio atteso negli incontri tra veicolo e pedone sulle strisce pedonali in funzione della rappresentazione attuale della scena di traffico tratta da radar e telecamere esterne al veicolo. Infatti, l’algoritmo prototipato fornisce una previsione sequenziale, su più orizzonti temporali, di indicatori di sicurezza operativi che descrivono in continuo il processo di incontro e permettono di annotare le interazioni conflittuali gravi. L’applicazione è stata ottimizzata attraverso dati di mobilità, acquisiti con un simulatore di guida avanzato ad elevato grado di realismo, su un campione di giovani conducenti. Questi ultimi hanno affrontato diversi conflitti veicolo-pedone su un percorso urbano virtuale pianificato. La conoscenza acquisita dal modello in questo contesto potrà essere sfruttata per facilitare l’adattamento online del sistema a nuove situazioni operative e alle diverse caratteristiche comportamentali degli utenti
Young drivers’ pedestrian anti-collision braking operation data modelling for ADAS development
Full text linkSmart cities and smart mobility come from intelligent systems designed by humans. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is contributing significantly to the development of these systems, and the automotive industry is the most prominent example of "smart" technology entering the market: there are Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS), Radar/LIDAR detection units and camera-based Computer Vision systems that can assess driving conditions. Actually, these technologies have become consumer goods and services in mass-produced vehicles to provide human drivers with tools for a more comfortable and safer driving. Nevertheless, they need to be further improved for progress in the transition to fully automated driving or simply to increase vehicle automation levels. To this end, it becomes imperative to accurately predict driver’s decisions, model human driving behaviors, and introduce more accurate risk assessment metrics. This paper presents a system that can learn to predict the future braking behavior of a driver in a typically urban vehicle-pedestrian conflict, i.e., when a pedestrian enters a zebra crossing from the curb and a vehicle is approaching. The algorithm proposes a sequential prediction of relevant operational indicators that continuously describe the encounter process. A car driving simulator was used to collect reliable data on braking behaviours of a cohort of 68 licensed university students, who faced the same urban scenario. The vehicle speed, steering wheel angle, and pedal activity were recorded as the participants approached the crosswalk, along with the azimuth angle of the pedestrian and the relative longitudinal distance between the vehicle and the pedestrian: the proposed system employs the vehicle information as human driving decisions and the pedestrian information as explanatory variables of the environmental state. In fact, the pedestrian’s polar coordinates are usually calculated by an on-board millimeter-wave radar which is typically used to perceive the environment around a vehicle. All mentioned information is represented in the form of time series data and is used to train a recurrent neural network in a supervised machine learning process. The main purpose of this research is to define a system of behavioral profiles in non-collision conditions that could be used for enhancing the existing intelligent driving systems, e.g., to reduce the number of warnings when the driver is not on a collision course with a pedestrian. Preliminary experiments reveal the feasibility of the proposed system
Recycling of Waste Materials Using Bitumen Emulsion for Road Pavement Stabilized Base Courses: a Laboratory Investigation
Full text linkThe valorisation and reuse of waste materials can enhance the environmental sustainability of road constructions, especially by means of cold recycling techniques, which, moreover, allow to reduce polluting emissions in atmosphere. Among the various technological approaches, the use of bitumen emulsion to stabilize waste materials is very common, especially in case of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates. However, even other types of waste materials could be considered using a Cold Central Plant Recycling (CCPR) approach. The paper discusses the main results of a laboratory investigation aimed to evaluate the mechanical performance of bitumen emulsion stabilized mixtures for road pavements base courses, prepared with RAP, steel slag, coal ash and glass wastes, used with various percentages. In a first step of the laboratory study, both physical and toxicological properties of each waste material have been investigated, in order to assess their environmental compatibility. Subsequently, an extensive mechanical analysis of the bitumen emulsion stabilized mixtures has been carried out in the laboratory, in terms of indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile stiffness modulus at three temperatures (10°C, 25°C, 40°C) and repeated load axial tests at 30°C. The moisture resistance of the mixes has been also investigated by means of indirect tensile strength tests carried out on soaked specimens. Very good results have been observed, depending on the mix composition: indirect tensile strength at 25 °C on dry specimens up to 0.52 MPa and stiffness modulus up to 4,056 MPa (at 25 °C, for a rise time equal to 124 ms). Therefore, it has been verified that the waste materials considered in the study can be successfully reused to completely substitute conventional aggregates in bitumen emulsion stabilized mixtures for road pavements base courses
Artificial Neural Network Prediction of Airport Pavement Moduli Using Interpolated Surface Deflection Data
Full text linkEstablishing the structural integrity of an airport pavement is crucial to assess its remaining life and implement strategies or priorities for action. In this context, the elastic modulus represents an effective indicator of the condition of the pavement which can be calculated through back-calculation procedures starting from surface deflections, obtained from a non-destructive test (such as the Heavy Weight Deflectometer). Nevertheless, the conventional inverse engineering analysis involves the use of an axial-symmetric pavement finite-element program able to evaluate stiffness values exclusively at the deflection measuring points. This study presents an alternative methodology for spatial modelling of the load- bearing capacity of the runway surface pavement layer from deflection data measured at specific points, using Shallow Artificial Neural Networks. The search of the optimal neural model hyperparameters has been addressed through a Bayesian Optimization procedure and a 5-fold cross-validation has been implemented for a fair performance evaluation, given the limited number of deflection measures available. Once the optimal model has been defined, the measured surface deflection data were linearly interpolated and resampled gridding data were used as a new input matrix of the neural model to predict the expected value of elastic moduli at non-sampled points on the runway. The optimal BO model has returned very satisfactory results with a value of Pearson Coefficient R averaged over 5-fold equal to 0.96597 and of Mean Squared Error averaged over 5-fold equal to 0.01849. In such a way, a contour map of the runway stiffness has been drawn, to provide a support tool for the planning of intervention priorities
Performance Prediction of Fine-Grained Asphalt Concretes with Different Quarry Fillers by Machine Learning Approaches
Full text linkIn general terms, an artificial neural network is a distributed processor that consists of elementary computational units interconnected. Such structure is inspired by the functioning principles of the biological nervous system and has proven to be effective in identifying complex relationships between an assigned input features vector and an experimental- investigated target vector for any scientific problem. The current paper represents a forward feasibility study on predicting the mechanical response of asphalt concretes prepared with different quarry fillers used as alternatives for traditional limestone filler or portland cement by Machine Learning approaches which consider the chemical properties of the selected fillers and the quarry aggregate types as input variables. In fact, the case study involved several fillers and stone aggregates that were used to produce Marshall specimens of a specific fine-grained asphalt concretes designed originally for the assessment of filler suitability in terms of adhesion phenomenon. The asphalt concrete variants had the same material composition and mix design: all specimens were compacted by 2x50 blows using impact compactor, filler content was fixed at 10% by mass of the mix, the grading curve is roughly the same, the employed bitumen has a 160/220 penetration grade and is about 6% by mass of the mix. The mineralogical composition was investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry tests. It represents a non-destructive laboratory analysis that allowed to specify and compare the main oxides composition associated with the employed natural fillers to be identified. Based on the results thus obtained and applying a categorical variable that distinguishes the stone aggregate type, a neural model has been developed that can predict the stiffness modulus of asphalt mixtures: therefore, this study presents a possible procedure for the development of predictive models that can help or improve the mix design process, when different fillers and stone aggregates are available
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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