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Le statut de la pensée anthropologique dans la philosophie de Kant.
No full textInternational audienceSince the publication of the Vorlesungen über Anthropologie in 1997, Kant's anthropological thought has received renewed interest and raised questions about its status in Kantian philosophy. What is the relationship between transcendental philosophy and anthropology? In this paper I try to show that Kant's anthropological thought cannot be reduced to its empirical dimension; the teleological dimensions of his project, which appear most clearly when he discusses the « Bestimmung » of the human species in the last chapter of his anthropology lectures, are the most prominent example of the non-empirical aspect of anthropology. This is why the opposition between empirical and transcendental seems to us less rigorous when applied to anthropology. Kantian anthropology is a Weltkenntnis, a philosophy of the world and of action that should allow free man, in his relations with others, to tend progressively towards the fulfillment of the destiny of the human species
Kant et les limites de l’introspection :quelle approche pour la science de l’homme?
No full textInternational audienceDans ses leçons d’anthropologie (Vorlesungen über Anthropologie), tout comme dans l’Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique, Kant nous met à plusieurs reprises en garde contre les dangers de l’observation de soi-même, pratique qu’il considère comme non naturelle et susceptible de conduire à l’exaltation de l’esprit, voire à la folie. Pourtant, dans une remarque du § 7 de l’Anthropologie, il semble accorder à l’introspection, entendue comme observation de soi, un rôle déterminant dans la connaissance de la nature humaine. Si Kant reconnaît les limites de l’approche introspective dans la fondation d’une connaissance de soi, pourquoi considère-t-il malgré tout une telle approche comme nécessaire à la connaissance de la nature humaine ? Il s’agit ici de déterminer dans quelle mesure l’introspection, bien que critiquée, demeure indispensable à l’élaboration d’une science de l’humain
Le cosmopolitisme kantien à l’épreuve de ses préjugés racistes
Full text linkIn the years 1788, Kant develops a conception of racial inequality in which he not only affirms the superiority of the « European » white race over other races, but also appears to approve of the enslavement of Black people. Kant’s theory of racial inequality baffles many, considering that in the moral philosophy he develops during the same period, he makes no compromises on the inviolability of human dignity. The aim of this text is not to deny Kant’s racism between 1764 and 1790, which is evident in his courses on physical geography and anthropology, but rather to demonstrate that Kant’s primary objective, which he never loses sight of in his various writings on race, is to explain the unity in diversity of the human species. While Kant’s theory of racial inequalities leaves no doubt about his racism between 1764 and 1790, it is inaccurate to claim that he remained constant in his views on non-European peoples. From 1795 onwards, in the Project for a Perpetual Peace and later in The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), Kant reevaluates his appreciation of non-European peoples, develops a more egalitarian conception of rights and race, and condemns European colonization.Dans les années 1788, Kant développe une conception hiérarchique des races dans laquelle il affirme non seulement la supériorité de la race blanche « européenne » sur les autres races, mais aussi semble approuver l’esclavage et la colonisation des peuples non-européens. Sa théorie des inégalités raciales en déconcerte plus d’un, quand on sait que dans la philosophie morale qu’il développe à la même époque, il ne fait aucun compromis sur l’inviolabilité de la dignité humaine. Notre objectif dans ce texte n’est pas de nier le racisme de Kant entre 1764 et 1795, racisme dont les cours de géographie physique et d’anthropologie portent l’empreinte décevante, mais de montrer que le but principal de Kant, qu’il n’a jamais perdu de vue dans ses différents écrits sur la race, est d’expliquer l’unité dans la diversité de l’espèce humaine. Si entre 1764 et 1790, sa théorie des inégalités raciales ne laisse aucun doute sur son racisme, il n’est pas vrai qu’il est resté constant dans ses opinions sur les peuples non-Européens. À partir de 1795, dans le Projet de paix perpétuelle, puis dans la Métaphysique des mœurs (1797), Kant revient sur son appréciation des peuples non-Européens, développe une conception plus égalitaire du droit et de la race et condamne la colonisation européenne.Dans les années 1788, Kant développe une conception hiérarchique des races dans laquelle il affirme non seulement la supériorité de la race blanche « européenne » sur les autres races, mais aussi semble approuver l’esclavage et la colonisation des peuples non-européens. Sa théorie des inégalités raciales en déconcerte plus d’un, quand on sait que dans la philosophie morale qu’il développe à la même époque, il ne fait aucun compromis sur l’inviolabilité de la dignité humaine. Notre objectif dans ce texte n’est pas de nier le racisme de Kant entre 1764 et 1795, racisme dont les cours de géographie physique et d’anthropologie portent l’empreinte décevante, mais de montrer que le but principal de Kant, qu’il n’a jamais perdu de vue dans ses différents écrits sur la race, est d’expliquer l’unité dans la diversité de l’espèce humaine. Si entre 1764 et 1790, sa théorie des inégalités raciales ne laisse aucun doute sur son racisme, il n’est pas vrai qu’il est resté constant dans ses opinions sur les peuples non-Européens. À partir de 1795, dans le Projet de paix perpétuelle, puis dans la Métaphysique des mœurs (1797), Kant revient sur son appréciation des peuples non-Européens, développe une conception plus égalitaire du droit et de la race et condamne la colonisation européenne
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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