143,643 research outputs found
Space charge and charge trapping characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene subjected to ac electric stresses
No full textThis paper reports on the result of space charge evolution in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) planar samples of approximately 220 ?m thick. The space charge measurement technique used in this study is the PEA method. There are two phases to this experiment. In the first phase, the samples were subjected to dc 30 kVdc/mm and ac (sinusoidal) electric stress level of 30 kVpk/mm at frequencies of 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 50 Hz ac. In addition, ac space charge under 30 kVrms/mm and 60 kVpk/mm electric stress at 50 Hz was also investigated. The volts off results showed that the amount of charge trapped in XLPE sample under dc electric stress is significantly bigger than samples under ac stress even when the applied ac stresses are substantially higher. The second phase of the experiment involves studying the dc space charge evolution in samples that were tested under ac stress during the first phase of the experiment. Ac ageing causes positive charge to become more dominant over negative charge. It was also discovered that ac ageing creates deeper traps, particularly for negative charge. This paper also gave a brief overview of the data processing methods used to analyse space charge under ac electric stress
Leptolalax fritinniens Dehling & Matsui, 2013, sp. n.
No full textLeptolalax fritinniens sp. n. Twittering Litter Frog (Figures 1–4) Holotype: NMBE 1056267, adult male, from near Camp 5 (4 °08.208' N, 114 ° 53.622 ' E, ca. 114 m a.s.l.), Gunung Mulu National Park, Miri Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo), collected 3 December 2007 by J. M. Dehling. Paratypes: BMNH 1978.1524, 1978.1525, two adult females, from Batu Pala, a limestone outlier near Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected in 1977 by Julian M. C. Dring; NMBE 1056367–1056368, two adult males, from near Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected 20 March 2009 by A. Haas, J. M. Dehling, Pui Y.-M., S. T. Hertwig, and A. Jankowski; KUHE 10534, an adult male, from Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected 26 December 1989 by M. Matsui and K. Araya; SRC unnumbered (former KUHE 53678), KUHE 53676, 53679– 53681, four adult males, from near Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected 21 August 2010 by M. Matsui, K. Nishikawa, and K. Eto. Diagnosis. We allocate the new species to the genus Leptolalax for showing the following diagnostic characters: vomerine teeth absent, finger tips rounded, fingers lacking webbing, with toe webbing basal or rudimentary, limbs relatively long and slender, subarticular tubercles indistinct, inner palmar tubercle elevated and not extending to Finger I, outer metatarsal tubercle absent, nuptial pads absent, tip of snout with vertical white bar (Dubois 1983, 1987; Lathrop et al. 1998, Delorme et al. 2006). The new species can be distinguished from all other members of the genus Leptolalax by the combination of following characters: (1) size large, SVL of males 31.8 – 34.0 mm, of females 45.5–47.7 mm; (2) snout rounded in both ventral view and lateral view; (3) interorbital distance smaller than width of upper eyelid; (4) vocal sac of males subgular, bipartite; (5) toe webbing basal; (6) skin on dorsum and dorsal side of head shagreened with tiny tubercles; (7) supratympanic fold angled; (8) pectoral glands small; (9) supraaxillary glands and ventrolateral glandular ridges absent; (10) venter spotted; (11) advertisement call consisting of long series of 8–289 notes, each composed of with three or four pulses, dominant frequency at 7225–9190 Hz, with prominent frequency modulation. Etymology. The species epithet derives from the Latin fritinniens, meaning “twittering”, in allusion to the species’ high-pitched advertisement call with prominent frequency modulation. Description of holotype. Habitus moderately slender (Figures 1 & 2); head moderately wide (HW/SVL 0.32), about as wide as long (HW/HL 0.98) and wider than trunk; snout rounded in both ventral view and lateral view, slightly protruding, its length 40 % of head length and 90 % of eye diameter, wider than long (SL/EE 0.84); canthus rostralis distinct, slightly concave between eye and nostril in dorsal view, almost straight-lined in lateral view; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostrils oval, directed dorsolaterally, closer to tip of snout than to eye (EN/ NS 1.12); distance between eye and nostril subequal to internarial distance (EN/NN 0.97) and much smaller than eye diameter (EN/ED 0.58); eye very large (ED/HL 0.45); pupil vertical; tympanum distinct, rounded, its diameter half the eye diameter (TD/ED 0.50); interorbital distance smaller than width of upper eyelid (IO/EW 0.65) and smaller than internarial distance (IO/NN 0.90); pineal ocellus absent; symphysial knob on anteriormost part of mandible; vomerine ridge and teeth absent; tongue large, broad, bifid, free for about half its length; median lingual process absent; vocal sac subgular, bipartite, consisting of two lateroventrally situated parts which are fused with each other medially when inflated (Figure 3); apertures of vocal sac slit-like, directed posterolaterally, situated halfway between base of tongue and corners of mouth. Forelimbs slender, moderately long (ELB/SVL 0.70, ARM/SVL 0.56); hand longer than forearm (HND/ARM 0.55); fingers long and slender, without webbing or lateral fringes of skin (Figure 4); relative length of fingers II<I<IV<III; finger tips rounded and thickened; subarticular tubercles indistinct; large, prominent, rounded tubercle in thenar and metacarpal region of fingers I, II, and III, separated by a distinct groove from much smaller, rounded tubercle in metacarpal region of Finger IV. Hindlimbs moderately long (LEG/SVL 1.69); tibiofibula long (TFL/SVL 0.54), longer than foot (TFL/FOT 1.12) and longer than thigh (TFL/THL 1.07); heels overlapping each other with knees flexed and thighs being held perpendicularly to median plane of body; toe tips rounded and thickened, smaller than finger tips; toe webbing basal, webbing formula I 2 -2.5 II 2- 3 III 2.75- 4 IV 4 +- 3 V (Figure 4); narrow fringes of skin on lateral sides of toes; relative length of toes I<II<V<III<IV; subarticular tubercles indistinct; longitudinal ridges of thickened skin on plantar side of phalanges except distal ones of toes II–V, absent on Toe I; inner metatarsal tubercle large (length 2.0 mm), oval, 44 % of length of first toe; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Skin on dorsum and dorsal side of head shagreened with tiny tubercles, weakly wrinkled on dorsal surfaces of the extremities (Figures 1, 2); wrinkles on extremities forming indistinct, reticulated, predominantly longitudinal, low ridges (Figures 1, 2, 3); several enlarged tubercles on lateral surfaces of trunk; ventral side smooth; supratympanic fold thick and conspicuous, angled, running from posterior margin of eye to just behind corner of mouth; pectoral glands small, indistinct, at insertion of forelimbs; supraaxillary glands and ventrolateral glandular ridges absent. Measurements. SVL 33.1, TFL 17.8, FOT 15.8, TarL 24.9, LEG 55.9, THL 16.5, ELB 23.2, ARM 18.4, HND 10.1, HW 10.7, HL 10.9, IO 2.6, EW 4.0, ED 4.9, TD 2.4, TE 1.1, EN 2.8, NS 2.5, SL 4.4, NN 2.9, EE 5.2. Colouration in life. Basic colouration of dorsum anthracite with several light brown flecks and large black, irregularly shaped spots; area below canthus rostralis and ventral edge of supratympanic fold black; basic colouration lightened to light grey on lateral surfaces of trunk and almost white on venter; dorsal surfaces of extremities light grey with dark grey, black-edged crossbars; dorsal area at tibio-tarsal articulation cream-coloured; several cream-coloured stripes along edges of jaws and similarly coloured crossbars on upper arm and on dorsal surface of fingers and toes; conspicuous, light grey stripe from between nostrils to anteriormost edge of upper jaw; venter with large light grey spots; throat, anterior portion of breast, ventral side of forelimb moderately densely speckled, ventral surface of thigh, tibia, tarsus, and postaxial sides of forelimbs heavily speckled dark brown; posterolateral portion of the throat where vocal sacs are located largely unpigmented; iris dark grey in ventral twothirds, reddish grey in dorsal third, with inner edge around pupil ruby-red. Colouration in preservative. Colours generally darker; contrast reduced; pattern still distinct; iris colour faded to bluish-grey. Variation. The male paratypes are generally very similar to the holotype in size and proportions. SVL of males varies between 31.8 mm (NMBE 1056367) and 34.0 mm (NMBE 1056368). Females are considerably larger than males with an SVL of 45.5 mm (BMNH 1978.1524) and 47.7 mm (BMNH 1978.1525). Males have vocal sacs but lack nuptial pads or asperities. TFL/SVL ratio is 0.53–0.56 (males) and 0.47–0.50 (females), HW/HL 0.96–1.03 (males) and 1.13–1.14 (females), IO/EW 0.65–0.87 (males) and 0.70–0.75 (females), and EN/NN 0.97–1.08 (males) and 1.05–1.06 (females). Advertisement call. Advertisement calls of four males including the holotype were recorded and analysed (Table 1). Values are given as mean ± SD followed by range. Air temperatures during recordings ranged between 24.3 and 24.9 °C. The advertisement consisted of long series of notes (Figure 5). Number of notes within a series was 58.7 ± 36.3 (8–289). Note repetition rate was 11.7 ± 0.3 (10.6–12.8) per second. Depending on the number of notes, calls lasted 4.9 ± 2.5 (0.6–17.4) s. Individual notes lasted 34.0 ± 4.2 (14–50) ms and were separated from each other by an interval of 51.3 ± 4.7 (36–61) ms. Each note was composed of 3.3 ± 0.5 (3–4, n = 30) rather indistinct pulses (Figure 5 C). Pulse length varied considerably between 3 and 17 ms (8.8 ± 3.7, n = 37). When pulses were discrete, the interval between individual pulses was about 2 ms. Marked frequency modulation was always observed within a note. The dominant frequency at the beginning was 8266 ± 250 (7750–9200) Hz and decreased towards the end of the note to 7622 ± 154 (7250–8100) Hz. The frequency difference between the beginning and the end of the note was 650 ± 150 (200–1200) Hz. Usually, the first note or the first two notes of a series were higher in frequency (9142 ± 90 Hz, n = 129 calls from 2 males) than the subsequent ones (Figure 5 B, C). Irregular intensity modulation was observed within a single call and a note (Figure 5). Only in the recording of one male, weak harmonics were present between 9500–9800 Hz. In phases of few calls of this male, only these harmonics were audible and the corresponding notes were only about half the length of regular notes. During the recording, this male sometimes continued the vocal sac motions between two calls but no sound was audible or traceable between 20 and 44,000 Hz in the recordings. Ecological notes and distribution. The type specimens were found in alluvial forest perching on leaves in low vegetation in the vicinity of small, slow-flowing streams. All males were encountered while calling. Most specimens were found at night, but a few were heard calling between 0 930 h and 1130 h. Tadpoles of the species remain unknown. The species occurs sympatrically with Leptolalax pictus and Leptolalax cf. gracilis. Although the type series contains only specimen from Camp 5 in Gunung Mulu National Park, we are aware that the species is also distributed in Brunei and Sabah (unpublished molecular and bioacoustic data of MM and JMD). However, most voucher specimens in herpetological collections are mislabelled as either L. dringi or L. gracilis. In addition, preliminary genetic and bioacoustic analyses of specimens and their calls from several locations in Sabah (Matsui, unpubl. data; Dehling, unpubl. data) indicate that at least one further, yet unrecognized species is present. Before the relationships between the populations from Sabah have been resolved, we therefore refrain from describing the geographic range of the new species. (0.6–15.4, n = 111) (1.1–7.2, n = 11) (1.8–3.5, n = 5) (0.9–17.4, n = 18) call interval [s] 2.7 ± 2.1 1.3 ± 0.5 8.7 ± 4.4 1.6 ± 0.4 (1.3–19.7, n = 111) (0.4–1.9, n = 10) (5.0– 14.5, n = 4) (1.2–2.5, n = 16) number of notes/call 49.0 ± 32.0 55.8 ± 24.1 28.2 ± 7.3 98.9 ± 89.4 (8–186, n = 111) (14–87, n = 11) (21–38, n = 5) (12–289, n = 18) note repetition rate [/s] 11.8 ± 0.2 11.9 ± 0.5 11.3 ± 0.4 11.8 ± 0.2 (11.2–12.1, n = 111) (10.62–12.79, n = 11) (10.87–11.76, n = 5) (11.3–12.1, n = 18) note duration [ms] 34.7 ± 4.5 35.0 ± 3.2 38.0 ± 5.8 28.1 ± 3.4 (28–44, n = 90) (29–44, n = 30) (24–50, n = 31) (14–35, n = 90) note interval [ms] 47.9 ± 4.8 47.0 ± 3.8 54.6 ± 5.2 54.6 ± 3.8 (550–750, n = 90) (200–1200, n = 30) (400–950, n = 31) (500–1100, n = 90) Comparisons. By the absence of both a ventrolateral glandular ridge and a supraaxillary macrogland, Leptolalax fritinniens differs from species of the genus occurring north of the Isthmus of Kra (in most parts corresponding to the subgenus Lalos Dubois, Grosjean, Ohler, Adler & Zhao, 2010), all of which have a ventrolateral glandular ridge and/or a supraaxillary gland, i.e. Leptolalax aereus Rowley, Stuart, Richards, Phimmachak & Sivongxay, 2010, L. alpinus Fei, Ye & Li, 1990, L. applebyi Rowley & Cao, 2009, L. bidoupensis Rowley, Le, Tran & Hoang, 2011, L. bourreti Dubois, 1983, L. croceus Rowley, Hoang, Le, Dau & Cao, 2010, L. eos Ohler, Wollenberg, Grosjean, Hendrix, Vences, Ziegler & Dubois, 2011, L. firthi Rowley, Hoang, Dau, Le & Cao, 2012, L. fuliginosus Matsui, 2006, L. khasiorum Das, Tron, Rangad & Hooroo, 2010, L. lateralis (Anderson, 1871), L. liui Fei & Ye, 1990, L. melanoleucus Matsui, 2006, L. melicus Rowley, Stuart, Thy & Emmett, 2010, L. nahangensis Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 1998, L. nyx Ohler, Wollenberg, Grosjean, Hendrix, Vences, Ziegler & Dubois, 2011, L. oshanensis (Liu, 1950), L. pelodytoides (Boulenger, 1893), L. pluvialis Ohler, Marquis, Swan & Grosjean, 2000, L. sungi Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 1998, L. tamdil Sengupta, Sailo, Lalremsanga, Das & Das, 2010, L. tuberosus Inger, Orlov & Darevsky, 1999, and L. ventripunctatus Fei, Ye & Li, 1990. From the species occurring on the Malay Peninsular and Borneo, L. fritinniens (characters in parentheses) differs in the following morphological characters: Leptolalax arayai Matsui, 1997 has a tuberculate dorsum (vs. smooth) without conspicuous markings (vs. present in L. fritinniens), has an unspotted, yellow venter (vs. venter white with black spots), orange groin and ventral sides of legs (vs. white to cream-coloured ventral side of legs and groin), and a single, medially arranged vocal sac in males (vs. bipartite; Figure 3). Leptolalax dringi Dubois, 1987 differs by a smaller size with SVL 26.6–31.3 mm in males and 36.6–38.1 mm in females (vs. SVL 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5–47.7 mm in females); iris bright red in upper third (vs. reddish grey); a relatively wider interorbital space with IO/EW 0.80–1.04 in males and 0.74–0.79 in females (vs. 0.65–0.87 and 0.70–0.75, respectively); angle of supratympanic fold being wider (vs. angle narrow); heads of males being wider than long with HW/HL 1.11–1.22 (vs. as long as wide HW/HL 0.96–1.03); and a relatively greater eye-to-nostril distance with EN/NN 0.81–0.90 in females and 0.76–0.89 in males (vs. 1.05–1.06 in females and 0.97–1.08 in males). Leptolalax gracilis (Günther, 1872) differs in having a curved supratympanic fold (vs. angular); a single medially arranged subgular vocal sac in males (vs. bipartite; Figure 3); relatively greater interorbital distance with IO/EW 0.78–0.99 in females and 0.71–0.89 in males (vs. 0.70–0.75 and 0.65–0.87, respectively); iris bright red in the upper two-fifths and dull greyish red, with a narrow ring of bright red along the pupil in the lower three-fifths (vs. iris dark-grey in ventral two-thirds, reddish grey in dorsal third, with inner edge around pupil ruby-red); male SVL 34.3 –39.0 (vs. 31.8 –34.0). Leptolalax hamidi Matsui, 1997 differs in having the venter unspotted (vs. spotted); large dark brown dorsal markings with light outlines (vs. dorsal markings small without light outlines); and a smaller size with SVL 28.0–31.0 mm in males, 36.0–43.0 mm in females (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5– 47.7 mm in females). Leptolalax heteropus (Boulenger, 1900) is much smaller with SVL of males 24.6 –26.0 mm and of female 31.7 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5–47.7 mm in females) and has more developed toe webbing and distinct lateral fringes on the toes (vs. toe webbing basal, lateral fringes indistinct). Leptolalax kajangensis Grismer, Grismer & Youmans, 2004 has shorter legs with TFL/SVL 0.42 in males (vs. 0.53–0.56); a curved supratympanic fold (vs. angular); a black spot on the tympanum (vs. absent); an unpatterned venter (vs. venter spotted); and a dark brown dorsum with black pattern (vs. grey dorsum). Leptolalax kecil Matsui, Belabut, Ahmad & Yong, 2009 is much smaller with SVL of males 19.3–20.5 mm and female 25.0 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5–47.7 mm in females), has a light brown dorsum with dark brown pattern (vs. grey dorsum with black spots); a black spot on the tympanum (vs. absent); a red iris (vs. iris dark grey in ventral two-thirds, reddish grey in dorsal third); and has large, conspicuous, orange pectoral glands (vs. pectoral glands hardly discernible). Leptolalax maurus Inger, Lakim, Biun & Yambun, 1997 is much smaller with SVL of the female holotype being 31.8 mm (vs. 43.5–47.7 mm in females) and SVL of the male paratype 26.1 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males), has a dark brown to black dorsal and ventral colouration (vs. grey dorsally and white with black spots ventrally); and a dark red iris (vs. dark grey in ventral two-thirds, reddish grey in dorsal third). Leptolalax pictus Malkmus, 1992 has an immaculate venter (vs. spotted) and has a light brown dorsum with dark brown markings with conspicuous thin light outlines (vs. dorsum grey with black pattern without distinct light outlines). Leptolalax platycephalus Dehling, 2012 has an immaculate venter (vs. spotted); a skin flap above the vent; a wider head with HW/SVL 0.37–0.38 (vs. 0.31–0.32); a greater interorbital distance with IO/EW 1.14–1.27 (vs. 0.65–0.87), rudimentary toe webbing (vs. basal), large pectoral glands (vs. hardly discernible), and different dorsal and ventral colouration. Leptolalax solus Matsui, 2006 is smaller with the only specimen, a male, having an SVL of 27.6 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males); has a larger pectoral gland; and a chocolate-brown, largely unpatterned dorsum (vs. dorsum grey with dark pattern). In addition to the morphological differences, Leptolalax fritinniens can be distinguished by its unique advertisement call from 20 of the 35 species of the genus, of which call characteristics are known (Malkmus & Riede 1993; Matsui 1997; Jiang et al. 2002; Malkmus et al. 2002; Xu et al. 2005; Matsui 2006; Matsui et al. 2009; Rowley & Cao 2009; Sukumaran et al. 2010; Rowley et al. 2010 a, 2010 b, 2010 c, 2011, 2012; Matsui & Dehling 2012). The advertisement call of L. fritinniens, as described by Matsui (1997), was compared to calls of recently described species (as L. dringi; Matsui 1997, 2006; Matsui et al. 2009; Rowley & Cao 2009; Rowley et al. 2010 a, 2010 b, 2010 c, 2011, 2012), and therefore, we compare the advertisement call only to those of the other Bornean species in the following: The call of L. fritinniens has a dominant frequency of 7250–9200 Hz at 24.3–24.9 °C. Although dominant frequency is known to vary over temperature (e.g. Rowley et al. 2010 c) the frequency of the call of L. fritinniens is likely to be higher than the dominant frequency of the calls of L. arayai (5400–5900 Hz, 17.4 °C), L. dringi (6050–6400 Hz, temperature unknown), L. gracilis (2600–2800 Hz, 20.0– 26.2 °C), L. hamidi (6700–7300 Hz, 22.9–24.1 °C), L. maurus (5150 Hz, temperature unknown), and L. pictus (6800–7150 Hz, 19–22 °C). Call length and number of notes within a call is very variable (0.6– 17.4 s, 8–289 notes), but on average (4.9 s, 59 notes), the calls recorded in L. fritinniens are longer and contain more notes than reported in the call of L. dringi (0.1 – 1.0 s, 2–11 notes), L. maurus (4.1 s, 15 notes), and L. pictus (1.9– 4.9 s, 12–31 notes). Marked frequency modulation like in the calls of L. fritinniens is absent in the calls of L. dringi, L. gracilis, and L. maurus. Note repetition rate is temperature-dependent but at 10.6–12.8 per second recorded for L. fritinniens at 24.3–24.9 °C it appears to be higher than in the advertisement calls of all other Bornean species (L. arayai 9.0– 9.3 /s; L. dringi 8.2– 10.3; L. gracilis 6.9–10.4; L. hamidi 9.0– 9.3; L. maurus 3.5) except L. pictus (11–13).Published as part of Dehling, J. Maximilian & Matsui, Masafumi, 2013, A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo), pp. 33-44 in Zootaxa 3670 (1) on pages 35-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28392
Preoperative simulation system for the ZCHW custom hip prosthesis and its usage through the internet
No full textThe ZCHW custom hip prosthesis has been developed at the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Collage London, by Peter Walker and colleagues since 1988. About 3000 cases have been performed under the name of CAD-CAM hip in the U.K., with very good results. We have been joining in the project since 1990, and 19 cases have been done since 1995 when the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare issued permission for its usage. A 3-D preoperative simulation system was developed to determine if there were problems, and the system was refined so as to be able to use it over the Internet. In this article, the results of these cases and the utility of the preoperative simulation system are presented
Pelophryne ingeri Matsui 2019
No full textPelophryne ingeri Matsui, 2019 — Native. Pelophryne ingeri Matsui, 2019: 131. Holotype: KUHE 15647, by original designation. Type locality: “near a pond in Genting Highlands, State of Pahang, Malaysia (03°24’N, 101°46’E, 850 m a.s.l.)”. Inger’s Short-legged Dwarf Toad (Figure 4D) Singapore records. Nectophryne guentheri (non Boulenger, 1882)— Flower, 1896: 910 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).— Flower, 1900: 908 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).— Hanitsch, 1899: 11.—A.L. Butler, 1901: 698 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).—A.L. Butler, 1904: 394 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).—Roux, 1906: 62.— Boulenger, 1912: 268.— Hanitsch, 1912b: 18.— Boulenger, 1920a: 296.—van Kampen, 1923: 69.— Bourret, 1942: 159. Pelophryne guentheri (non Boulenger, 1882)—Barbour, 1938: 193 (after van Kampen, 1923). Pelophryne brevipes (non Peters, 1867)— Inger, 1966: 81, 82, 85–87.— Grandison, 1972: 54.—K.K.P. Lim, 1989b: 170.—K.P. Lim, 1990b: 13 (Fern Valley [BTNR]).—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 56.—K.K.P. Lim & C.M. Yang, 1991: 221 (Fern Valley [BTNR]).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 24, 143.—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 93.—K.K.P. Lim, 1994: 210, 330.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 1995: 112.—K.K.P. Lim, 1996: 50.—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 397 (Fern Valley [BTNR]).— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 42.—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 13.—T.M. Leong & L.M. Chou, 1999: 94, 96.— Iskandar & Colijn, 2000: 22.—T.M. Leong, 2000: 6.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 144.—Bickford et al., 2010: 123.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 22. Pelophryne signata (non Boulenger, 1895)—K.K.P. Lim & T.M. Leong, 2008: 156, 264.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 158.—T.M. Leong & S.C. Teo, 2009: 21–25 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).— Corlett, 2011a: 51.—L.L. Grismer, 2011a: 49.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 21.—T.M. Leong & Gan, 2011: 24.— P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 485.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 158.—K.Y. Chong et al., 2013: 289.— E.K. Chua, 2015: 54.—R.C.H. Teo & Thomas, 2019: 150, 179 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Hindhede Quarry). Pelophryne ingeri Matsui, 2019: 135. Remarks. Through molecular analysis, Chan & Grismer (2019) showed deep divergence between P. signata populations in Borneo with those of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. The latter two populations, including Singapore, were subsequently redescribed as P. ingeri by Matsui (2019). Until two individuals were heard calling from Hindhede Quarry, P. ingeri was only definitively known from Fern Valley in BTNR (Teo & Thomas 2019). Early records indicate that P. ingeri was observed in Bukit Timah, but do not specify exact localities (Flower 1896; Flower 1900; Butler 1901). It remains unknown whether P. ingeri previously inhabited other parts of BTNR and whether its distribution has since retracted to Fern Valley. The recent detection of individuals calling from Hindhede Quarry suggest that P. ingeri may be expanding its range. Pelophryne ingeri was first reported from Singapore by Flower (1896) based on a specimen he examined in NHMUK that was collected by Ridley, and from two specimens he collected in Bukit Timah in 1895. After Ridley collected another specimen in 1898 (Flower 1900), and Ridley and Butler collected another in 1900 (Butler 1904), P. ingeri was not recorded again in Singapore until 89 years later when two specimens were collected on 21 November and 16 December 1989 (Lim 1990b). Occurrence. Restricted to BTNR and HHNP. Locally common. Singapore conservation status. Critically Endangered. Conservation priority. Highest. IUCN conservation status. Not Evaluated. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH 1895.1.8.14 (no date), BMNH 1896.6.25.97–98 (no date); Bukit Timah Nature Reserve : ZRC.1.12425– ZRC.1.12429 (24-Jun-2008), ZRC.1.1760 (27-Nov-1989). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): KU; Bukit Timah Nature Reserve: CAS. Singapore localities. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Hindhede Nature Park. Family Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871 (7 species) Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871: 38 (type genus Dicroglossus Ģnther, 1860). Genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (2 species) Rana (Fejérvárya) Bolkay, 1915: 172–178, 181, 183 (type species: Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1829, by subsequent designation by Dubois, 1981: 238, 241; gender feminine).Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/796031
Kalophrynus limbooliati Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Ahmad, and Yong 2012
No full textKalophrynus limbooliati Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Ahmad, and Yong, 2012 — Native. Kalophrynus limbooliati Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Ahmad & Yong, 2012: 39–44, figs. 1–3. Holotype: UKMHC 705, by original designation. Type locality: “ Gunung (= Mt.) Pulai, Kpg. (Kampung = village) Sri, Kulai, State of Johor, Peninsular Malaysia (01° 36′ N, 103° 32′ E, 457 m a.s.l.)”. Lim’s Black-spotted Sticky Frog (Figure 5G) Singapore records. Calophrynus pleurostigma (non Tschudi, 1838)— Flower, 1896: 908 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).— Boulenger, 1912: 258.—van Kampen, 1923: 102–104.—D.H. Murphy, 1973: 59. Kalophrynus pleurostigma pleurostigma (non Tschudi, 1838)—Parker, 1934: 96.— Bourret, 1942: 498.— K.K.P. Lim & C.M. Yang, 1991: 228 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Rock Path [BTNR]).—L.M. Chou, 1995: 146. Kalophrynus pleurostigma (non Tschudi, 1838)—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 57.—K.K.P. Lim, 1991a: 4 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 40, 144.—K.K.P. Lim, 1993b: 4 (Cave Path [BTNR]).—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 93.—R. Subaraj, 1994: 15 (MacRitchie North Forest; Sime Road Forest).—K.K.P. Lim, 1994a: 212, 330.—K. Lim, 1995: 20 (North View Hut [BTNR]; Three-Stone Hill [NSSF]).—P.K.L. Ng et al., 1995: 113.—K.K.P. Lim, 1996: 50.—R. Subaraj, 1996: 101.—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 401 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]; Lower Peirce [LP]; MacRitchie; Nee Soon [NSSF]).— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 54.—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 14.—T.M. Leong & L.M. Chou, 1999: 118–121.— Das & Haas, 2003: 113 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]; Seletar Forest [NSSF]).— Das & Haas, 2005: 379.—T.M. Leong, 2000: 5.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 145.—K.K.P. Lim & T.M. Leong, 2008: 264.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 64, 159.— Matsui, 2009: 583, 584.—Bickford et al., 2010: 121, 123.—D.C.J. Yeo et al., 2010: 188.—K.O. Chan et al., 2011: 68 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—L.L. Grismer, 2011a: 52.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 21, 22.—T.M. Leong & Gan, 2011: 25.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 468.—R. Subaraj, 2015: 53, 54, 56 (Night Safari; Project Western Boundary [= MBP]). Kalophrynus limbooliati —N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 64, 159.—Matsui et al., 2012: 39, 42, 45.—E.K. Chua, 2015: 32.—R. Subaraj, 2015: 9 (Upper Seletar Peninsula [= USNF]).—S. Subaraj, 2015: 3, 5, 7 (Mandai Range Forest; Night Safari; Project Western Boundary [= MBP]; Upper Seletar Peninsula [= USNF]).— Zug, 2015: 166.—R.C.H. Teo & Thomas, 2019: 146, 153, 174, 179 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Dairy Farm Nature Park; Zhenghua Nature Park). Remarks. Previously allocated to K. pleurostigma, K. limbooliati was redescribed as a new species based on acoustic, morphological, and molecular data (Matsui et al. 2011; Matsui et al. 2012), after the authors noticed that populations from southern Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore emit different calls from northern populations. The calls of K. limbooliati highly resemble Pulchrana laterimaculata (Matsui et al. 2012) with which it occurs sympatrically over a large part of its range. Flower (1896) collected the first specimen for Singapore, and Peninsular Malaysia, at BTNR. In describing vertical forest distribution of vertebrates, Murphy (1973) described K. limbooliati as a common leaf-litter inhabitant, but did not provide any data or details. Leaving this remark aside, and unpublished museum records, another specimen of K. limbooliati was not reported until 95 years later when one was seen in a drain near the entrance of BTNR on 11 January 1991 (Lim 1991a). Certainly, this observation was downplayed and not regarded as a rediscovery or novel since the species is perceived as common. Yet, the first occurrence of it outside of BTNR was not until 28 September 1993 when a single individual was found at MNF (Subaraj 1994). Occurrence. Restricted to CNR and surrounding Nature Parks and forests. Common. Singapore conservation status. Vulnerable. Conservation priority. Lowest. IUCN conservation status. Near-Threatened [2022]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH1896.6.25.99 (no date); Bukit Timah Nature Reserve : ZRC.1.11014 (15-Jun-1933), ZRC.1.1763– ZRC.1.1764 (24-Nov-1966), ZRC.1.2935 (11-Jan-1991), ZRC.1.3035– ZRC.1.3044, ZRC.1.2938– ZRC.1.2983 (10-Jan-1991), ZRC.1.9182 (20-Jan-2002), ZRC.1.8047 (08-Jun-2001), ZRC.1.8021– ZRC.1.8022 (28-Apr-2001), ZRC.1.4608– ZRC.1.4615 (09-Jun-2000), ZRC.1.3047– ZRC.1.3056 (10-Jan-1991), ZRC.1.1705 (11-Aug-1989), ZRC.1.10510 (13- Mar-2003), ZRC.1.3425 (25-Aug-1996), ZRC.1.3426 (25-Aug-1996); Hindhede Drive: ZRC.1.1562 (07- Dec-1988); Nee Soon Swamp Forest: ZRC.1.3288 (03-Jul-1995). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): FMNH; Bukit Timah: BPBM, CAS; Nee Soon [= NSSF]: BPBM. Singapore localities. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Dairy Farm Nature Park—Hindhede Drive—Lower Peirce— MacRitchie—MacRitchie North Forest—Mandai Bird Park—Mandai Range Forest—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Night Safari—Sime Road Forest—Upper Seletar North Forest—Zhenghua Nature Park. Genus Kaloula Gray, 1831 (1 species)Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/796031
Field Observation Of Egg Brooding In The Caecilian Caudacaecilia Asplenia From Sabah, Malaysia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae)
No full textNishikawa, Kanto, Matsui, Masafumi, Imbun, Paul Y., Sudin, Ahmad (2008): Field Observation Of Egg Brooding In The Caecilian Caudacaecilia Asplenia From Sabah, Malaysia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (1): 205-208, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.533977
Hynobius akiensis Matsui, Okawa et Nishikawa 2019
No full textHynobius akiensis Matsui, Okawa et Nishikawa, 2019 Hynobius abei (part) Sato, 1943, 163. Hynobius nebulosus (part, as Transitional morphotype) Okawa and Utsunomiya, 1992, 12. Hynobius nebulosus (part, as Miyoshi morphotype) Okawa and Utsunomiya, 1992, 12. Hynobius nebulosus (part, as Aki morphotype) Okawa et al., 2005, 11 Holotype KUHE 35925, from Haizuka, Mirasaka-cho, Miyoshi-shi, Hiroshima Prefecture. Paratype KUHE 35924, one male, data same as the holotype. (KUHE 8682–8687 from Kurose-cho, Higashihiroshima-shi, in the original description (Matsui et al. 2019 removed.) Specimens referred in the present paper. Hiroshima Prefecture: Akitakata-shi, KUHE OU 0313, 0314, from the former Mukaihara-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 15 April 2007. KUHE OU 0368, 0369, from Takamiya-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 26 April 2009. KUHE OU 0510, from Takamiya-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 2 May 2010. KUHE 58834, from the former Koda-cho, collected by Y. Misawa on 1 March 2017. Higashihiroshima-shi, KUHE OU 0309–0312 from the former Toyosaka-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 5 April 2007. KUHE OU 0905, 0907, from the former Fukutomi-cho, collecter by H. Okawa on 4April 2017. Miyoshi-shi, KUHE OU 0301–0303, from the former Miwa-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 28 March 2007. KUHE OU 0387–0389, from Miwaka-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 3 March 2010. KUHE OU 0390, from Shimoshiwachi-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 3 March 2010. KUHE 58887, 58888, from Mirasaka-cho, collected by Y. Misawa on 7 March 2018. KUHE OU 0970–0972, from Miwaka-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 8 April 2019. KUHE 61385, 61385 _1, 61385_2, from Miwaka-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 5 Jury 2019. KUHE 62661–62664, from Megurikami-cho, collected by Y. Tomimori on 16 February 2021. Kitahiroshima-cho, Yamagata-gun, KUHE 61220, 61220 _1, 61220_2, collected by Y. Tomimori on 19 Jury 2019. Sera-cho, Sera-gun, KUHE OU 0472, from Sera-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 13 March 2010. KUHE OU 0474, from Sera-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 19 March 2010. KUHE OU 0479, from the former Seranishi-cho, collected by H. Okawa on 19 March 2010. Diagnosis. A small species of the genus Hynobius that breeds in wetlands in hilly to mountainous areas about 1000 m. altitude (adult male SVL 40.8–57.5 mm). Phylogenetically, H. akiensis forms a clade with H. geiyoensis and H. sumidai in nuclear DNA, which relationships not supported by mtDNA. Dorsum dark brown, some almost dark blue. Yellow stripes on upper and lower edges of tail indistinct. Limbs and tail short, forelimb and hindlimb tips barely meeting (overlap of -2 to 0.5 costal folds in males). Fifth toe least developed in H. akiensis sensu lato (R5TL: H. akiensis 1.8%, H. sumidai 2.0%, and H. geiyoensis 2.7%). Egg sac short, loosely coiled into a string, with smaller clutch size than in other lentic breeding species of the genus. Most similar to H. sumidai but with wider internarial (RIND 6.3% vs. 5.7%), interorbital (RIOD 6.4% vs. 6.0%), and longer forelimbs (RFLL 25.3% vs. 23.6%) and hindlimb (RHLL 30.8% vs. 29.5%). Color. In life, dorsum yellowish brown with minute black spots. Dark blue or dark brown individuals without black spots also present. Small white spots on ventral side, and often indistinct yellowish-brown stripe on dorsal edge of tail, less distinct on ventral side. In preservative, ventral color tends to be faded to grayish brown and white nuptial color on throat not clear. Variation. Morphological measurement data for males are summarized in Table 2. In 27 males examined, SVL 48.8 ± 4.4 (40.8–57.5) mm, adpressed limbs always separated, fifth toe generally weakly developed, some individuals with only four toes (about 15% of the specimens examined). Body color light brown with black spots, some individuals with silvery white spots on dark brown and dark blue background. Range. Hiroshima Prefecture: Akitakata-shi (including the former Yoshida-cho, Mukaihara-cho, Koda-cho, Takamiya-cho, Yachiyo-cho and the former Midori-cho [Sugahara et al. 2022]); Higashihiroshima-shi (including the former Fukutomi-cho, Toyosaka-cho); Mihara-shi (including the former Daiwa-cho, and the former Kui-cho [Sugahara et al. 2022]); Onomichi-shi (including the former Mitsugi-cho); Miyoshi-shi (including the former Kisacho, Mirasaka-cho, Miwa-cho); Kitahiroshima-cho, Yamagata-gun (including the former Chiyoda-cho, Oasa-cho, and the former Toyohira-cho, and Geihoku-cho [Sugahara et al. 2022]); Sera- cho, Sera-gun (including the former Seranishi-cho); Hiroshima-shi (only former Asakita-ku [Sugahara et al. 2022]); Akiota-cho (only former Togochicho [Sugahara et al. 2022]). Shimane Prefecture: Onan-cho (only former Mizuho-cho and Hasumi- mura [Sugahara et al. 2022]). Altitude of the localities extends from 260.0– 930.0 m with the mean±SD of 447.9± 145.4 m (n=23). Natural history. Breeding usually occurs in hilly streams, wetlands, and paddy ditches from March to April. Egg sacs are string-like in shape and coiling. number of eggs is 24.5 ± 8.6 (2–58) (Okawa et al. 2019). The minimum and maximum water temperatures at the time of breeding were 2.5–5.0°C and 8.1–11.1°C, respectively in Haizukadam, Mirasaka-cho, Miyoshi-shi, Hiroshima Prefecture. (Utsunomiya et al. 1996). Morphological Comparisons. Hynobius akiensis has a dark brown body color with small black dots on dorsal side and small white spots on ventral side, a body color pattern that is often seen in lentic Hynobius (e.g., H. sumidai, H. akiensis, H. setouchi, H. utsunomiyaorum, H. abuensis, H. iwami, H. bakan, H. setoi, and H. kunibiki). However, H. iwami, H. bakan, H. setoi, and H. kunibiki can be distinguished from H. akiensis because they have a distinct yellow stripe on dorsal and ventral sides of tail, while H. akiensis has an indistinct yellow stripe on dorsal side if present. Hynobius akiensis and H. iwami may be confused because of their close distribution and tendency of lacking the fifth toe. Hynobius akiensis (mean male SVL 48.8 mm) H. abuensis (57.3 mm). Hynobius akiensis significantly differs from H. setouchi in the following ratio values: shorter maximum head width, tail length, medial tail height, third toe and fifth toe, and smaller vomerine teeth series. Hynobius akiensis is distinguishable from H. utsunomiyaorum by its significantly smaller SVL and following ratio values: larger head, longer lower jaw, larger eyes, shorter axilla-groin distance and medial tail width, higher basal tail, longer hindlimb, third finger and fifth toe, and larger vomerine teeth series. Hynobius akiensis significantly differs from H. iwami in the following ratio values: shorter upper eyelid length, higher basal tail, and longer fifth toe. Morphological differences from allied species H. sumidai and H. geiyoensis are noted above for each species. Protection. H.akiensis is in the Japanese Red List as Endangered (EN) (Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan 2020). This species is on the list of Hiroshima Prefecture as Vulnerable (VU) by the Red Data List Hiroshima (Okawa 2021), and on the list of Shimane Prefecture as Near Threatened (NT) by the Revised Shimane Red Data Book 2014 Animals (Akiyoshi and Matsuno 2014).Published as part of Tomimori, Yusuke, Matsui, Masafumi, Okawa, Hiroshi, Nishikawa, Kanto, Tanabe, Shingo & Kamasaka, Ryo, 2023, Reassessment of species delimitation using nuclear markers in three lentic-breeding salamanders from the Chugoku District of Japan (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae), pp. 145-160 in Zootaxa 5293 (1) on pages 156-157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/795983
Measurement of wind-induced response of buildings using RTK-GPS and integrity monitoring
No full textA Comparative Analysis of New Product Development by Italian and Japanese Manufacturing Companies: a Case Study
No full textBased on survey data from Italian and Japanese companies, six measurement scales are developed for practices, process, strategic guide, and capabilities for new product development as potential determinants of its financial performance, that is, attainment of profit goals and revenue goals. By employing a regression model with a country dummy variable, the differential determinants of financial goals attainment between Italian and Japanese samples are estimated. A significant difference can be found in the impact of new product development capabilities on profit goals attainment only. Then, we evaluate the level of improvement in explanatory power by dividing the pooled sample into two and enabling regression coefficients to take different values, and find no evidences of the significant improvement. Technology and marketing capabilities concerning new product development are demonstrated to be overwhelmingly important to financial performance
Measurement of Wind-induced Response of Buildings using RTK-GPS
No full textccelerometers have been used for field measurements of wind-induced response of buildings. However, wind-induced response consists of a static component, i.e. a mean value,
and a dynamic fluctuating component. The static component is difficult to measure by accelerometers. An RTK-GPS (Leica MC1000) has a nominal accuracy of +/-1 cm +1 ppm for
horizontal displacements and +/-2cm +2ppm for vertical displacements with a sampling rate of 10 Hz. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of RTK-GPS for wind-induced
response measurements and its efficiency in measuring the displacement of a full-scale tower. As the first experiment, the accuracy of Real-Time Kinematic-Global Positioning System
(RTK-GPS) in measuring sinusoidal displacements was examined, using an electronic exciter. When the vibration frequency was lower than 2Hz and the vibration amplitude was larger
than 2 cm, RTK-GPS results seemed to closely follow the actual displacement. The efficiency of RTK-GPS was then demonstrated in the full-scale measurement of an actual steel tower. Based on the feasibility study of RTK-GPS for measuring wind-induced
responses of buildings, the responses with amplitudes larger than 2 cm and natural frequencies lower than 2Hz can be detected by RTK-GPS
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