26 research outputs found
Konsepsi Nirkekerasan dan Bina Damai dalam Islam: Studi Komparasi pemikiran Badshah Khan dan Abdurrahman Wahid
No full textABSTRAK
Fenomena yang baru-baru ini terjadi di Indonesia adalah maraknya isu radikalisme yang disebut-sebut telah menyebar luas di masyarakat. Radikalisme yang notabene muncul karena adanya masalah politik akhirnya dianggap sebagai ajaran agama. Aksi-aksi radikalisme yang disertai dengan adanya teror, pembantaian, pembunuhan, dan aksi kriminal lainnya sangatlah bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai dan ajaran-ajaran dalam Islam. Karena agama yang benar seperti Islam tidak akan bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Hanya saja, banyak orang yang melakukan kekerasan dengan mengatasnamakan agama. Akibatnya, umat Islam harus menanggung beban stereotype teroris yang sampai saat ini masih sering diidentikkan dengan karakter umat Muslim. Oleh karena itu, kita membutuhkan penyegaran kembali mengenai ajaran antikekerasan dan bina damai yang sejatinya sudah ada dalam ajaran Islam. Adapun tokoh yang banyak menyuarakan hal ini ialah Badshah Khan dan Abdurrahman Wahid.
Berangkat dari permasalahan di atas, peneliti mencoba mengungkap konsepsi nirkekerasan dan bina damai dalam Islam dengan mengkomparasi pemikiran Badshah Khan dan Abdurrahman Wahid.
Untuk merealisasikan tujuan tersebut, dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan metode pendekatan komparatif dan filosofis sosiologis. Yakni, peneliti akan mengungkap persamaan dan perbedaan konsepsi nirkekerasan dan bina damai dalam Islam perspektif Badshah Khan dan Abdurrahman Wahid. Begitu juga akan diungkap aspek filosofis dan sosiologis dibalik lahirnya pemikiran kedua tokoh tersebut. Dari situ, kemudian peneliti memetakan pemikiran Badshah Khan dan Abdurrahman Wahid mengenai konsepsi nirkekerasan dan bina damai.
Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan persamaan dan perbedaan antara konsepsi nirkekerasan dan bina damai milik Badshah Khan dan Abdurrahman Wahid. Persamaan keduanya adalah bahwa baik Khan maupun Wahid sama-sama mendasarkan pemikiran nirkekerasan dan bina damainya kepada al-Qur’an, hadis, dan terutama teladan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Keduanya sepakat bahwa cinta kasih dan kepedulian antarsesama manusia adalah hal penting demi terwujudnya sebuah perdamaian. Sedangkan perbedaannya adalah bahwa masing-masing tokoh berusaha menerapkan sikap nirkekerasan dan bina damai dengan strategi dan cara yang berbeda. Khan melaksanakan nirkekerasan dengan jihad melawan penjajah tanpa kekerasan dan senjata. Sedangkan Wahid berusaha mengatasi konflik kekerasan dengan cara dialog, negosiasi, dan komunikasi. Dengan begini, nirkekerasan dan bina damai dalam Islam sejatinya dapat diwujudkan dengan berbagai cara. Yang menjadi point pentingnya adalah bagaimana kita dapat mengajak seluruh lapisan masyarakat untuk saling peduli satu sama lain dan tidak hanya mementingkan keuntungan maupun kepentingan pribadinya semata. Karena masyarakat yang damai adalah mereka yang memiliki iman, cinta, dan selalu berlomba dalam melakukan kebaikan.
Peneliti menilai masih banyak kekurangan yang terdapat dalam kajian ini sehingga perlu adanya koreksian dan masukan dari pembaca. Selanjutnya, peneliti mengharapkan lahir kajian-kajian lain terkait konsepsi nirkekerasan, bina damai dalam Islam, ataupun pemikiran Badshah Khan dan Abdurrahman Wahid. Semoga kajian ini dapat memberi banyak manfaat bagi pembaca dan bagi penelitian yang akan datang.
ABSTRACT
The phenomenon that has recently occurred in Indonesia is the issue of radicalism which supposed to have overspread in society. Radicalism which arises because of political problems is finally considered a religious instruction. Acts of radicalism that are accompanied by terror, slaughter, murder, and other criminal acts are very contrary to the values and doctrines in Islam. Because the Islamic values-a true religion-will not be incompatible with human values. Sadly, many people were doing a violence in the name of religion. As a result, Muslims must bear the burden of terrorist stereotypes that are frequently identified with the character of Muslims. Therefore, we need a revival on the teachings of nonviolence and peace building which is already exist in the teachings of Islam. The figures who gave so much attention on this are Badshah Khan and Abdurrahman Wahid.
Departing from the problems above, the researcher try to reveal the conception of nonviolence and peace building in Islam by comparing the thoughts of Badshah Khan and Abdurrahman Wahid.
To realize this goal, researcher used a comparative and philosophical sociological approach in this study. That the author will reveal the similarities and differences of nonviolence and peace building conception in Islam according to Badshah Khan and Abdurrahman Wahid thoughts. Likewise, philosophical and sociological aspects behind the thought of the two figures will be revealed. From there, the researcher then mapped out the thoughts of Badshah Khan and Abdurrahman Wahid regarding the conception of nonviolence and peace building.
After a research, this study found similarities and differences between the conception of nonviolence and peace building according to Badshah Khan and Abdurrahman Wahid thoughts. The similarity between the two is that both Khan and Wahid were based their nonviolent thought and peace building on the Qur'an, the hadith, and especially the role model of the Prophet Muhammad. Both agreed that love and caring between humans are important for bringing a peace into reality. While the difference is that each character tries to apply nonviolence and peacebuilding attitudes with different strategies and ways. Khan carried out nonviolence with jihad against the England colonizers with a nonviolent acts nor weapons. While Wahid tried to overcome violent conflict by means of dialogue, negotiation, and communication. In this way, the acts of nonviolence and peace building in Islam can actually be realized in various ways and means. The important point is how we can invite all people in this society to care for one another and not only concerned with profit and personal interests alone. Because a peaceful society are those who have faith, love, and always compete in doing good.
Researcher assess that there are still many shortcomings contained in this study so that there needs a corrections and input from readers. Furthermore, researcher expect the existing of other studies regarding the conception of nonviolence, peacebuilding in Islam, or about Badshah Khan and Abdurrahman Wahid thoughts. Hopefully this study can provide many benefits for readers and for future research.
مستخلص البحث
التطرف مسألة واقعية انتشرت على نطاق واسع في المجتمع المحلي. وفي نهاية المطاف، اعتُرِف التطرف بتعليم ديني مع أنه نشأ عن وجود مشاكل سياسية بالحقيقة. إن التصرف التطرفي المقترن بالإرهاب والإماتة والقتل وغير ذلك من الأعمال الإجرامية يتعارض مع قيم الإسلام وتعاليمه. لأن الدين الحقيقي مثل الإسلام لن يتعارض مع قيم الإنسانية. ومع ذلك، فإن العديد من الناس يقومون بالعنف باسم الدين. ونتيجة لذلك، يجب على المسلمين أن يتحملوا عبء القوالب النمطية التي لا تزال حتى الآن في كثير من الأحيان محددة بشخصية المسلمين. لذلك نحتاج إلى التجديد لتعاليم اللاعنف وبناء السلام التي كانت موجودة في تعاليم الإسلام منذ القبل. والذين عبروا كثيرا عن هذا الشيء هم بادشاه خان وعبد الرحمن وحيد.
بناء على هذه المسألة، حاولت الباحثة الكشف عن مفهوم اللاعنف وبناء السلام في الإسلام بمقارنة أفكار بادشاه خان وعبد الرحمن وحيد.
فتستخدم الباحثة في هذا البحث المنهج المقارني والمنهج الفلسفي والاجتماعي. وبالتحديد، ستكشف الباحثة أوجه المناسبات والاختلافات بين المفاهيم اللاعنفية وبناء السلام في الإسلام وفقاً لفكر بادشاه خان وعبد الرحمن وحيد. وبالمثل، يتم الكشف عن الجوانب الفلسفية والاجتماعية في ظهور أفكارهما الشخصية. ومن ثم، رسمت الباحثة خريطة ذهنية لبادشاه خان وعبد الرحمن وحيد في مفهوم اللاعنف وبناء السلام.
في هذه الدراسة وجدت أوجه المناسبات والاختلافات بين مفهوم اللاعنف وبناء السلام الذي ينتمي إلى بادشاه خان وعبد الرحمن وحيد. والمناسبات بينهما هما أن خان ووحيد يبنيان تفكيرهما اللاعنفي على القرآن والحديث، وخاصة المثل الأعلى من النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم. واتفق الجانبان على أن الحب والتعاطف بين البشر أمر هام من أجل تحقيق السلام. والفرق هو أن كلا من الأرقام تسعى إلى تطبيق موقف اللاعنف وبناء السلام باستخدام سبل وطرق مختلفة. خان يقوم بأعمال اللاعنف مع الجهاد ضد الغزاة والأسلحة غير العنيفة. في حين يسعى وحيد إلى التغلب على الصراعات العنيفة عن طريق الحوار والتفاوض والاتصال. وبهذه الطريقة، يمكن تحقيق مفهوم اللاعنف وبناء السلام في الإسلام بطرق متنوعة. والنقطة الهامة هي كيف يمكننا أن ندعو جميع مناحي الحياة إلى رعاية بعضنا البعض وليس فقط أهمية الأرباح والمصالح الشخصية وحدها. لأن المجتمع السلمي هو أولئك الذين لديهم الإيمان والحب، وتتنافس دائما في الخيرات.
ادّعت الباحثة أنّ بحثها بعيد عن الكمال، فيُحتاج من القراء التصويبات والإصلاحات من كل الوجوه. فترجو الباحثة من أن تأتي بحوث أخرى متعلقة بمفهوم اللاعنف ومفهوم بناء السلام في الإسلام، أو بفكر بادشاه خان وعبد الرحمن وحيد. وعسى أن يأتي من هذا البحث النفع الكثير لمن قرأه ولمن سيقوم بالبحث في المستقبل
An exploration of oxytocin receptor signalling in the prostate and bladder: Implications for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder syndrome
No full textWith ageing, men begin to experience changes in urinary behaviour, such as frequency, urgency, and urinary incontinence, that are linked to an overexpression of oxytocin receptors resulting in an increase in smooth muscle tension within the prostate and bladder. While not life-threatening, such conditions might be indicative of further upstream disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder syndrome. Therefore, this PhD project is based on investigating the role of oxytocin and its antagonists (atosiban, cligosiban, & ß-Mercapto-ß, ß-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl) in regulating smooth muscle tension within different age groups (young, aged, and fat cohorts) of rat prostate and bladder
اردو ناول نگاری میں شعور کی رو کی اہمیت
No full text"Stream of Consciousness" plays an effective and influencing role in "Novel Writing". This technique inspires readers towards the objectivity which the author wishes to convey. It reflects the images accordingly on the mirror of life. Thoughts, ideas and imaginations are oriented by this technique to streamline the other components of a novel. This trend has been adopted by Urdu novelist because of the western influence in literature. This technique i.e, "Stream of Consciousness" streamlines the thoughts of the readers and they pick the message of the author in an effective manner
The Effects of Age on Prostatic Responses to Oxytocin and the Effects of Antagonists
No full textBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related enlargement of the prostate with urethral obstruction that predominantly affects the middle-aged and older male population, resulting in disruptive lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), thus creating a profound impact on an individual’s quality of life. The development of LUTS may be linked to overexpression of oxytocin receptors (OXTR), resulting in increased baseline myogenic tone within the prostate. Thus, it is hypothesised that targeting OXTR using oxytocin receptor antagonists (atosiban, cligosiban, and β-Mercapto-β,β-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2, Orn8]-Oxytocin (ßMßßC)), may attenuate myogenic tone within the prostate. Organ bath and immunohistochemistry techniques were conducted on prostate tissue from young and older rats. Our contractility studies demonstrated that atosiban significantly decreased the frequency of spontaneous contractions within the prostate of young rats (**** p p p p p < 0.0001). In conclusion, our findings indicate that oxytocin is a key modulator of prostate contractility, and targeting OXTR is a promising avenue in the development of novel BPH drugs
Age-Dependent Effects of Oxytocin and Oxytocin Receptor Antagonists on Bladder Contractions: Implications for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder Syndrome
No full textOveractive bladder (OAB) is an age-related disorder characterised by unstable bladder contractions resulting in disruptive lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), thus creating a profound impact on an individual’s quality of life. The development of LUTS may be linked to the overexpression of oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) within the bladder detrusor muscle, resulting in increased baseline myogenic tone. Thus, it is hypothesised that targeting OXTRs within the bladder using oxytocin antagonists may attenuate myogenic tone within the bladder, thereby providing a new therapeutic avenue for treating OAB. Organ bath contractility and immunohistochemistry techniques were conducted on bladder tissue sourced from young rats (7–8 weeks and 10–12 weeks) and older rats (4–5 months and 7–9 months). Organ bath studies revealed that oxytocin (OT) significantly increased bladder contractions, which were significantly attenuated by [β-Mercapto-β,β-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2, Orn8]-Oxytocin) (1 µM) (**** p p p ≥ 0.05). Interestingly, cligosiban (1 µM and 10 µM) significantly reduced the frequency of spontaneous contractions within the bladder of both young (*** p p p p p < 0.05), indicating OT may be a key modulator of bladder contractility
Revisiting thoracic surface anatomy in an adult population:a Ct evaluation of vertebral level
No full textIntroduction: To compare key thoracic anatomical surface landmarks between healthy and patient adult populations using Computed Tomography (CT).Materials and Methods: Sixteen slice CT images of 250 age and gender matched healthy individuals and 99 patients with lung parenchymal disease were analyzed to determine the relationship of 17 thoracic structures and their vertebral levels using a 32-bit Radiant DICOM viewer. The structures studied were: aortic hiatus, azygos vein, brachiocephalic artery, gastroesophageal junction, left and right common carotid arteries, left and right subclavian arteries, pulmonary trunk bifurcation, superior vena cava junction with the right atrium, carina, cardiac apex, manubriosternal junction, xiphisternal joint, inferior vena cava (IVC) crossing the diaphragm, aortic arch and junction of brachiocephalic veins.Results: The surface anatomy of all structures varied among individuals with no significant effect of age. Binary logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between individual health status and vertebral level for: brachiocephalic artery (p=0.049), gastroesophageal junction (p=0.020), right common carotid (p=0.009) and subclavian arteries (p=0.009), pulmonary trunk bifurcation (p=0.049), carina (p=0.004), and IVC crossing the diaphragm (p=0.025).Conclusion: These observations differ from those reported in a healthy white Caucasian population and from the vertebral levels of the IVC, esophagus and aorta crossing the diaphragm in an Iranian population. The differences observed in the current study provide insight into the effect of lung pathology on specific thoracic structures and their vertebral levels. Further studies are needed to determine whether these are general changes or pathology-specific.</p
Surface anatomy of major anatomical landmarks of the neck in an adult population:a CT evaluation of vertebral level
No full textIntroduction: To compare the projectional surface anatomy of healthy individuals in an adult population with those with a thyroid mass, using computed tomography (CT).Methods: Sixteen slice CT images of 101 individuals were analyzed using a 32-bit Radiant DICOM viewer to establish the relationships among major anatomical landmarks in the neck and their vertebral levels. The structures investigated included: hard palate (HP), hyoid bone (HB) including body and lesser horns, soft palate (SP), thyroid gland (TG) (both superior and inferior poles), thyroid gland anteroposterior (APD) and superoinferior (SID) diameters, thyroid isthmus (TI) superoinferior dimension, epiglottis, vertebral arteries (right and left), and both right and left parotid glands (superior and inferior extents).Results: The vertebral levels noted most frequently were: body of hyoid bone (C4, 42.71%); lesser horns of hyoid bone (C3, 36.46%); thyroid gland superior pole (C6, 31.25%); and thyroid gland inferior pole (T2, 30.2%). TG-ID, TG-APD, and TG-SID were not significantly different between males and females in the healthy group; however, there was a significant gender difference in thyroid gland inferior diameter in the pathology group (males 2.16(±1.16) vs. females 3.37(±1.30), p=0.01, paired sample t-test).Conclusion: Further studies are needed to determine whether neck pathology in those with a thyroid mass affects the dimensions of the thyroid gland. Moreover, the surface anatomy of the neck should be revisited using modern imaging techniques to address inconsistencies in anatomy and clinical reference texts.</p
On the tunneling time of ultracold atoms through a system of two mazer cavities
No full textWe study the resonant tunneling of ultraslow atoms through a system of high quality microwave cavities. We find that the phase tunneling time across the two coupled cavities exhibits more frequent resonances as compared to the single cavity interaction. The increased resonances are instrumental in the display of an alternate sub and superclassical character of the tunneling time along the momentum axis with increasing energies of the incident slow atoms. Here, the intercavity separation appears as an additional controlling parameter of the system that provides an efficient control of the superclassical behavior of the phase tunneling time. Further, we find that the phase time characteristics through two cavity system has the combined features of the tunneling through a double barrier and a double well arrangements.QN/Akhmerov Grou
Mutations that Affect the Bidirectional Electron Transfer in Photosystem I
No full textabstract: Photosystem I (PSI) is a multi-subunit, pigment-protein complex that catalyzes light-driven electron transfer (ET) in its bi-branched reaction center (RC). Recently it was suggested that the initial charge separation (CS) event can take place independently within each ec2/ec3 chlorophyll pair. In order to improve our understanding of this phenomenon, we have generated new mutations in the PsaA and PsaB subunits near the electron transfer cofactor 2 (ec2 chlorophyll). PsaA-Asn604 accepts a hydrogen bond from the water molecule that is the axial ligand of ec2B and the case is similar for PsaB-Asn591 and ec2A. The second set of targeted sites was PsaA-Ala684 and PsaB-Ala664, whose methyl groups are present near ec2A and ec2B, respectively. We generated a number of mutants by targeting the selected protein residues. These mutations were expected to alter the energetics of the primary charge separation event.
The PsaA-A684N mutants exhibited increased ET on the B-branch as compared to the A-branch in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. The transient electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed the formation of increased B-side radical pair (RP) at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence decay measurement of the PsaA-A684N and PsaB-A664N showed a slight deceleration of energy trapping. Thus making mutations near ec2 on each branch resulted into modulation of the charge separation process. In the second set of mutants, where ec2 cofactor was target by substitution of PsaA-Asn604 or PsaB-Asn591 to other amino acids, a drop in energy trapping was observed. The quantum yield of CS decreases in Asn to Leu and His mutants on the respective branch. The P700 triplet state was not observed at room and cryogenic temperature for these mutants, nor was a rapid decay of P700+ in the nanosecond timescale, indicating that the mutations do not cause a blockage of electron transfer from the ec3 Chl. Time-resolved fluorescence results showed a decrease in the lifetime of the energy trapping. We interpret this decrease in lifetime as a new channel of excitation energy decay, in which the untrapped energy dissipates as heat through a fast internal conversion process. Thus, a variety of spectroscopic measurements of PSI with point mutations near the ec2 cofactor further support that the ec2 cofactor is involved in energy trapping process.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 201
Essence of the dissension in Religion: A Research Analysis in the light of Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī
No full textThe word "Ikhthilaf" refers to such an approach and way of conversation in which one scholar disagrees with another scholar. Islam being a perfect religion bars its followers from developing mutual conflicts. Islam has clearly stated that Muslim Ummah should not have differences on the basis of opinions in vivid injunctions. Such dissension has been placed nowhere in Islam. Disputes may only arise in case of secondary and vague injunctions. In such situations, each jurist considers himself as right. Such divergence, in the secondary issues based on argumentation and within the ambit of Qur’ān and Ḥadith, is not contemptible one but is the source of blessings due to the depth of knowledge of the jurists. Because of such conflicting opinions, jurisprudence and religious injunctions have the power of adaptability in accordance with the demands of the changing times. In the matters of jurisprudence, establishing consensus on the basis of argumentation must not lead to sectarianism, prejudice and hatred. True jurists have tried their level best to protect Muslim Ummah from sectarian disputes. Among such jurists we have Allama Alusī, the author of Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī, as one big contributor. Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī is the solid proof of his authentic and deep knowledge. It has a combination of reported sayings and exegesis of consents
