21,024 research outputs found
Validazione di Pratiche di Ottimizzazione della Produzione di Colture Proteiche in Agricoltura Biologica
No full textL'aumento della popolazione mondiale associato alla riduzione del rendimento delle colture a causa dei cambiamenti climatici ha suscitato una forte preoccupazione in termini di sicurezza alimentare. Per affrontare la crescente pressione sul sistema attuale di alimentare, sono necessari approcci innovativi e sostenibili. È necessario un cambiamento nelle abitudini alimentari attuali, spostando l'apporto proteico da verso fonti vegetali Questo cambiamento è definito “transizione proteica”.
La transizione verso proteine vegetali richiede un incremento nella quantità di superfici coltivate e nella produzione di colture proteiche, La competitività economica delle attuali colture (cereali e oleaginose) è molto forte ed è la causa dello scarso interesse degli agricoltori nell’adottare colture proteiche minori.
L’adattabilità di queste colture minori nelle diverse zone pedoclimatiche deve essere ancora investigata.
In questa tesi illustriamo delle prove sperimentali volte a validare le pratiche di ottimizzazione della produzione di colture proteiche in agricoltura biologica, nella regione Friuli Venezia Giulia. Le specie studiate sono cece, favino e lenticchia.
Ne è stata valutata l’adattabilità intesa come resa di granella e proteina.
È stata valutata la risposta di cece e lenticchia allo stress idrico durante la fase di riempimento dei baccelli.
Sono stati testati indici di vegetazione da dati di telerilevamento con drone come perditori di biomassa della coltura, indice di area fogliare e resa.
Abbiamo valutato la tecnica della consociazione per la gestione delle infestanti in cece e lenticchia, coltivate con una coltura allelopatia, il grano saraceno.
Come progetto secondario metodologico, abbiamo implementato un modello di classificazione unsupervised per testare la possibilità di classificare automaticamente queste colture combinando dati multispettrali e di fotogrammetria.
Il favino è risultato essere la specie con il minore rendimento, probabilmente a causa di stress biotici.
Il cece è risultato essere una coltura adatta per questa regione, dato l’alto rendimento e la produzione di proteina, anche in condizioni di siccità.
La lenticchia ha avuto prestazioni variabili. Il primo anno non ha prodotto seme, mentre quello successivo ha avuto una produzione elevata.
L'irrigazione ha influenzato la fenologia delle colture, prolungando la durata della fase di fioritura e riempimento del baccello, con alcuni effetti negativi sulla qualità del seme.
L'uso dei dati di telerilevamento è stato efficace nel monitorare lo sviluppo delle colture. Sono state individuate correlazioni significative tra gli indici di vegetazione e i parametri misurati in campo e l'elaborazione di indici cumulativi di vegetazione è stato efficace nel correlare biomassa e resa. La consociazione con il grano saraceno non è risultata essere una strategia efficace per mitigare la competizione da infestanti, tuttavia, l'uso degli estratti acquosi di grano saraceno ha avuto effetti di inibizione sulla germinazione dei semi. Il modello Random Forest si è rivelato uno strumento utile in grado di classificare con alta precisione le colture proteiche a livello di specie.The increase in global population coupled with reduced crop yield due to climate change have arisen a serious concern in terms of food security. In order to cope with the increasing pressure on the current system of food production and supply, innovative and sustainable approaches are needed. We need to shift our diet towards plant-based substitutes of proteins. We call this shift the protein transition.
Switching to plant-based protein requires increasing the area and productivity of protein-rich seeds. The economic competitiveness of feed crops (cereals and oil rich crops) is very strong and largely explains farmers' lack of interest in protein-rich crops.
From an agricultural perspective, however, the adaptability of these minor crops in different pedo-climatic zones must be verified.
In this thesis we report about the experiments carried out with the aim to test optimization practices for protein crops production in organic agriculture in North of Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia region). The studied species were: chickpea, faba bean and lentil.
They were studied to assess the varieties' adaptability in terms of seed and protein yield.
The response of chickpea and lentil to water stress during the critical phase of grain filling has then been evaluated.
Remotely sensed vegetation indices, calculated from data collected by an unmanned aerial system, were tested as a predictor of crop biomass, leaf area index, crop status and yield.
We also evaluated chickpea and lentil intercropped with buckwheat to verify the allelopathy and competition functions with the main objective of managing weed competition.
In terms of methodology, we implemented an unsupervised classification model to test the possibility of automatically classifying these crops using the combination of spectroscopy and photogrammetry.
Faba bean resulted being the species with low and unstable yield, probably due to biotic stress. Chickpea seems to be a suitable crop for this region with high grain and protein yields also under drought stress.
Lentil performance was variable as the first year it did not produce grains, while on the second experimental year it got high production.
Irrigation influenced crop phenology by extending the duration of the flowering and grain setting phases, with some negative effects in terms of seed quality.
The use of remote sensing data was effective in monitoring crops development. Significant correlations were assessed between vegetation indices and field-measured parameters. The use of time-integrated vegetation indices was particularly effective in correlating biomass and yield. Intercropping with buckwheat did not provide significant evidence about being an effective strategy to mitigate weed competition; however, the use of buckwheat water extracts had a significant inhibition effect on seeds germination. Random Forest modelling resulted being a useful tool able to classify with high accuracies the investigated protein crops at the species level
Abscisic acid mediates drought and salt stress responses in vitis vinifera—a review
No full textThe foreseen increase in evaporative demand and reduction in rainfall occurrence are expected to stress the abiotic constrains of drought and salt concentration in soil. The intensification of abiotic stresses coupled with the progressive depletion in water pools is a major concern especially in viticulture, as most vineyards rely on water provided by rainfall. Because its economical relevance and its use as a model species for the study of abiotic stress effect on perennial plants, a significant amount of literature has focused on Vitis vinifera, assessing the physiological mechanisms occurring under stress. Despite the complexity of the stress-resistance strategy of grapevine, the ensemble of phenomena involved seems to be regulated by the key hormone abscisic acid (ABA). This review aims at summarizing our knowledge on the role of ABA in mediating mechanisms whereby grapevine copes with abiotic stresses and to highlight aspects that deserve more attention in future research
UAV remote sensing of agronomic parameters and yield in chickpea and lentil
No full textGrain legumes cropping has been purposed as a pivotal practise for facing future issues in terms of food security and agroecosystem stability. Despite the importance of such cultures, the literature is lacking in knowledge of monitoring grain legumes performance with remote sensing data. Hence, this study investigated these aspects in chickpea (CH) and lentil (LN), grown in Udine (Italy) during the growing season 2022. Crop dry biomass (BMAG), dry matter content (DMC) and leaf area index (LAI) were correlated with multispectral data acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on seven dates during the growing season. Near-infrared (NIR) band performed as the best proxy of LAI, while for DMC, best correlation was obtained with normalized difference chlorophyll index (NDI). BMAG also was correlated with NDI, and correlation strength improved by implementing the cumulative elaboration of the index. Cumulative indices performed also as proxies of yield; best index was modified green-red vegetation index (MGRVI)
UAV remote sensing of agronomic parameters and yield in chickpea and lentil
No full textGrain legumes cropping has been purposed as a pivotal practise for facing future issues in terms of food security and agroecosystem stability. Despite the importance of such cultures, literature lack of knowledge in monitoring grain legumes performance with remote sensing data. Hence, this study investigates these aspects in Chickpea (CH) and Lentil (LN), grown in Udine (Italy) during the growing season 2022. Crop dry biomass (BMAG), dry matter content (DMC) and leaf area index (LAI) were correlated with multispectral data acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on seven dates during the growing season. Near-infrared (NIR) band performed as the best proxy of LAI, while for DMC, best correlation was obtained with Normalized Difference Chlorophyll index (NDI). BMAG also was correlated with NDI, and correlation strength improved by implementing the cumulative elaboration of the index. Cumulative indices performed also as proxies of yield; best index was Modified Green-Red Vegetation Index (MGRVI)
Buckwheat (<em>Fagopyrum esculentum</em> Moench.) as an emerging companion crop in annual cropping systems: a systematic review
No full textSustainable intensification is considered an efficient alternative to conventional agriculture to feed a growing population while maintaining and benefitting the environment. Intercropping is one of the most studied practices to obtain production gains and other ecosystem services. Most intercrops involve legumes and cereals, but other species combinations should be explored to further increase the diversity of intercropping systems. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.; Polygonaceae) is an emerging minor crop which is gaining attention in alternative intercropping systems. This review provides a comprehensive view of the state of the art on the role of buckwheat as a companion crop in arable cropping systems. Despite buckwheat being well-known for its weed-suppressive ability, intercropping using buckwheat for weed control has received little attention. Few crops have so far been considered in relation to the introduction of buckwheat in annual cropping systems. This review uncovers a largely untapped research field involving buckwheat. The research perspectives are multiple as buckwheat consumption is increasing and its attractive flower resources and rapid growth offer the provision of several agro-ecosystem services that directly and indirectly benefit crop yield stability
Intercropping chickpea and lentil with buckwheat: effect on weed suppression and legume yield
No full textAllelopathic Effect of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) on Germination and Performance of Crops and Weeds: a comprehensive methodology
No full textReport on Meteorological Research March 1, 1935 (m-1)
No full textThe object of the report was to elucidate in detail the various features of the research program in meteorology being carried on at the Daniel Guggenheim Airship Institute in Akron, Ohio. Mr. L. J. Fangman, of the U.S. Weather Bureau, was collaborating with the author in carrying out work such as a study of autographic records of the various meteorological elements during frontal passages with a view to the possible prediction of the intensity of the accompanying disturbance as it may affect the operation of aircraft and a study of atmospheric gustiness with a view to finding the dependence between frequency end amplitude of velocity fluctuations and the vertical temperature and velocity gradients
(Fourth) Report on Meteorological Activities at the DGAI (8-1-36)(Weather Bureau Copy)
No full textThis report is on the investigations of frontal phenomena at the Daniel Guggenheim Airship Institute in Akron, Ohio from January 1, 1935 through August 1, 1936. The investigation was carried out with the cooperation of the U.S. Bureau of Aeronautics, the U.S. Weather Bureau, the California Institute of Technology, and the Guggenheim Airship Institute. Mr. R.C. Robinson of the Weather Bureau cooperated with the author in carrying out the investigation. The object of the investigation was to determine the intensity of the atmospheric disturbances (i.e. rapidity of wind shift and gustiness) accompanying the passage of cold fronts, along with a study of the characteristics of the air masses involved and other features which might affect the intensity of the disturbance. The report treated thirty cold fronts which passed the station during 1935 to 1936
Archives and Images as Repositories of Time, Language, and Forms from the Past: A Conversation with Daniel Eisenberg
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