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THE EFFECT OF USING NUMBERED HEADS TOGETHER TECHNIQUE ON READING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT OF THE EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP ISLAM GUMUKMAS JEMBER
No full textThe purpose of this research was to know whether or not there was a
significant effect of using Numbered Heads Together Technique on Reading
Comprehension Achievement of the Eighth Grade Students at SMP Islam Gumukmas
Jember.
Reading is one of the four basic skills that must be taught to the junior high
school students. This skill is as important as the other language skills, but it is
assumed that through reading skill students will be able to learn the other skills more
conveniently because all of the skills involved reading activities. Reading relates to
reading comprehension. It means that when students are reading, they are doing
thinking process by comprehending all the words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs
in order to get the meaning of the text as a whole. Through reading activities, students
are expected to understand the meaning of the text and get the information needed of
the whole text. One of the techniques that can be used and applied by an English
teacher is using Numbered Heads Together technique in a reading class. Numbered
Heads Together technique is a cooperative learning technique that promotes
discussion and both individual and group accountability.
Based on the interview with the English teacher of the eighth grade at SMP
Islam Gumukmas, Jember, it was known that the English teacher as the center of
teaching reading of English and the English teacher taught the students by using
Lecturing technique, question and answer, and sometimes gives some games and
using song in teaching learning process. In other words, the English teacher has never
used NHT Technique in teaching reading. She also explained that lecturing technique
actually was not very effective for students because the students have a lack of
activities. The students did not always understand well the meaning of the reading
text, and they spent a long time to read the text which mostly done word by word.
Consequently, they could not answer all the comprehension questions correctly in a
given time. For that reason, the teacher should choose the appropriate teaching
strategy to make the students master in reading skill. One of them is Numbered Heads
Together Technique.
The respondent of the research was the eighth grade students of SMP Islam
Gumukmas Jember, which consisted of four classes (VIII A, VIII B, VIII C, VIII D).
The sample of the research was class VIII A (the experimental) consisted of 44
students and class VIII C (control class) consisted of 44 students. The data in this
research was gathered by administering a reading comprehension test.
In this research, quasi-experimental with posttest-only control group design
was applied. First, the researcher administered the homogeneity test to the eighth
grade students at SMP Islam Gumukmas. The homogeneity test’s result was
heterogonous. So, the researcher choosing the experimental and the control group
should be taken from two classes that had the same or the closest mean difference. It
was found that grade VIII A and grade VIII C had the closest mean difference. Then,
After that, the researcher gave the treatment, the experimental group (VIII A) was
taught by using NHT Treatment and the control group (VIII C) was taught by using
Lecturing technique. After two meetings, both classes got posttest. The last, the result
of the posttest was analyzed by using independent sample t-test formula to know
whether or not the mean difference between the experimental group and the control
group was significant.
. Based on the calculation, the mean score of the experimental group was
higher than the mean score of the control group (72,65>60,95) .The result of the data
analysis showed that the statistical value of students’ posttest was 5,37 while the
value of t-table at significant level 5 % with degree of freedom (Df) 85 was 1,98. It
indicates that the value of t-test was higher than that of t-table (5,37 > 1,98). It meant
that the null hypothesis (Ho) formulated: “NHT technique does not have any
significant effect on the eighth grade students’ reading comprehension achievement at
SMP Islam Gumukmas in the 2014/2015 academic year” was rejected. In contrast,
the formulated alternative hypothesis (Ha): NHT technique has any significant effect
on the eighth grade students’ reading comprehension achievement at SMP Islam
Gumukmas in the 2014/2015 academic year” was accepted. It indicated that the result
of t-test analysis was significant
Based on the result of this research, it was concluded that there is a significant
effect of using Numbered Heads Together Technique on reading comprehension
achievement of the eighth grade students at SMP Islam G umukmas Jember in the
2014/2015 academic year. So, it is suggested to the English teachers to use Numbered
Heads Together technique to teach English to the students, especially to teach reading
comprehension and it also suggested for the other researchers to conduct a similar
research with the same or different language skill or components, such as classroom
action research to improve the students’ reading achievement by using Numbered
Heads Together technique
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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