1,721,000 research outputs found
Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
No full textMarcaigh, Fionn Ó, Kelly, David J., O'Connell, Darren P., Analuddin, Kangkuso, Karya, Adi, Mccloughan, Jennifer, Tolan, Ellen, Lawless, Naomi, Marples, Nicola M., O, Darren P., Connell (2022): Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society CLXVI (CLXVI): 1-21, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081/675911
Fig. 1 in An assessment of the avifauna of the Wakatobi Islands, South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia: species recorded and taxonomic considerations
No full textFig. 1. Location of the Wakatobi Islands in relation to mainland South-east Sulawesi and its other offshore islands. The inset shows the location of the South-east Sulawesi region within Indonesia and the wider region.Published as part of O'Connell, Darren P., Kelly, David J., Kelly, Seán B. A., Analuddin, Kangkuso, Karya, Adi, Marples, Nicola M., Rheindt, Frank E. & Martin, Thomas E., 2020, An assessment of the avifauna of the Wakatobi Islands, South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia: species recorded and taxonomic considerations, pp. 574-587 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68 on page 575, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0073, http://zenodo.org/record/534489
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Plasticity of foraging strategies in the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus and the domestic chick, Gallus gallus domesticus
No full textTHESIS 10469This research was primarily concerned with dietary conservatism in wild blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus. Dietary conservatism refers to the tendency for some individuals of a population to ignore novel foods. Dietary conservatism has been found to occur in a number of species of birds and fish. Previous studies into dietary conservatism have only been concerned with the presence or absence of the behaviour and its consequences for populations of novel prey species. These studies have shown that while there are individuals who readily accept novel food, adventurous consumers (AC), there are a number of individuals in the population who continue to refuse to accept novel food, these individual are referred to as being dietary conservative or DC
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The impact of roadworks on the ranging behaviour of European badgers (Meles meles)
No full textThe European badger (Meles meles), one of Ireland?s most iconic native species, acts as a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle. Badgers have been implicated in the spread of the disease to cattle in Ireland and the UK. To understand the dynamics of a disease and to control it successfully, a complete picture of ranging behaviour of the carrier species is required. Much of our knowledge of ranging behaviour in badgers derives from studies of high-density populations. There is concern that environmental disturbances, such as major roadworks, can increase movements between badger social groups, resulting in increased TB breakdowns in cattle herds. The ranging of a medium-density Irish badger population was monitored before, during and after a major road upgrade and realignment project, using GPS tracking collars. Using the GPS data, I estimated badger home range size, nightly distances travelled and the distance and frequency of extra-territorial excursions. My results show that the road upgrade and realignment project had a very limited effect on the ranging behaviour of badgers, and that territoriality in the area was not disrupted. Roadworks of this nature are therefore unlikely to result in increased TB breakdowns in cattle herds. However, my analyses highlight that there was greater connectivity between social groups than suggested in the literature. I show that badgers made frequent extra-territorial excursions throughout the year. I illustrate that some dispersing badgers travelled long distances through unexpectedly large areas. I describe a previously unrecognised type of ranging behaviour, super-ranging, found in 22% of male badgers. Super-rangers held enlarged territories that encompassed two or more traditional social group territories. All of these behaviours have the potential to increase contact between badgers from different social groups and have implications for disease transmission. My findings can be used to better understand and model the epidemiology of disease, and to formulate more effective and efficient TB control initiatives, such as vaccination of badgers. Finally, this research greatly enhances our understanding of badger ecology, by contributing to knowledge of medium-density populations, and gives a more detailed picture of dispersal in badgers than has been obtained before
Avian speciation and biodiversity in South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia: drivers of diversification
No full textAs biodiversity loss reaches critical levels, greater knowledge of its distribution is needed to concentrate conservation efforts. Biodiversity can be measured at several levels, with the species typically the unit used in conservation planning. Attempts to set accurate conservation priorities face a number of prominent challenges; 1. species distributions are often poorly known, particularly in the tropics where the rate of biodiversity loss is highest, 2. the number of currently described species is known to be a huge underestimate, with many cryptic species awaiting formal description, and 3. much remains unknown about the drivers of speciation, particularly what adaptations are associated with population divergence in the early stages of the process. In this thesis I explore each of these main topics in a study system in South-east Sulawesi, in the biodiversity hotspot of the Wallacea region. I focus on the avifauna of the region, contributing to characterising the community composition of unstudied islands, assess the species status of island populations which have diverged from the mainland and provide insight into how adaptations to island life may drive population divergence. In Chapters 2 and 3 we filled in some of the gaps in the knowledge of the avifaunal distribution in South-east Sulawesi on the previously unsurveyed islands of Kabaena, Muna and Wawonii, identifying potentially important populations, particularly for the Endangered Milky Stork Mycteria cinerea. Chapters 4 and 5 evaluated the diversification of the ?great speciator? taxa of South-east Sulawesi, Zosterops white-eyes and Todiramphus kingfishers, lineages renowned for their wide range and propensity for speciation. We propose two new white-eye species, an isolated population descended from the widespread island coloniser the Lemon-bellied White-eye Zosterops chloris, and a single island endemic the ?Wangi-wangi White-eye?. The ?Wangi-wangi White-eye? is a particularly intriguing new species, as its closest relatives are found >3000 km away in the Solomon Islands. Chapters 4 and 5 also flag up other populations for further taxonomic refinement, the Wakatobi Islands Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris population and Runduma Island Lemon-bellied White-eye populations may represent endemic subspecies for South-east Sulawesi. Chapters 4-7 investigated different morphological adaptations that are associated with island colonisation and the early stages of speciation. Chapter 5 suggested that a reduced dispersal ability, in comparison to source populations, may be a feature of populations of widespread island colonisers which become isolated. In Chapter 4 we discussed how potential differences in habitat, and associated increases in interspecific competition, may have driven a niche shift in Collared Kingfishers on the Wakatobi Islands. Chapter 6 outlined how Lemon-bellied White-eyes had a larger morphological niche volume and greater population density in allopatry from the Pale-bellied White-eye Zosterops consobrinorum, on both a small island and in urban areas. Reduced interspecific competition, and greater intraspecific competition in high density populations, likely led to the increase in niche volume seen in the Lemon-bellied White-eye populations. This chapter highlights the potential for urban areas to act as ecological islands for island colonising edge species in the Indo-Pacific. Chapter 7 looked at some of the effects of island colonisation on sexual dimorphism. Showed that Olive-backed Sunbirds Cinnyris jugularis on the small oceanic Wakatobi Islands showed greater sexual dimorphism and higher population density than those on the mainland and continental islands. There was no difference in the niche volume of males from Wakatobi and mainland populations, but females from the Wakatobi Islands had a smaller niche volume than those from the mainland. Potentially their niche volume has contracted to reduce intersexual competition in the high density populations of the Wakatobi Islands. This thesis illustrates how studying the populations of Indo-Pacific island colonisers, particularly the ?great speciator? lineages, provides the opportunity to contribute both taxonomic revision and insight into the early stages of speciation. Their rapid speed of evolutionary change, ability to colonise islands and the frequency with which they are found in secondary sympatry makes ?great speciators? ideal groups in which to study speciation. This work is given impetus by the looming biodiversity crisis that threatens not just Southeast Asia, but the whole world. Much biodiversity, and the evolutionary lessons it can teach us, faces extinction before being formally recognised
The Effects of Culling on the Badger (Meles meles) Population in Ireland.
No full textThe European badger (Meles meles) has also been identified as the main wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Consequently, badgers are culled nationwide as part of the bTB eradiation scheme. The control program carried out by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), provided an unparalleled opportunity to study the effects of long term culling on a protected mammal species. This project combined two main components: one, to investigate the effects of culling at population level, social group level and an individual level and two, to accurately predict parturition to define the most appropriate and humane closed season.
Surprisingly, and contrary to much of the published literature, repeated culling as found to have a minimal effect on the population dynamics and social group sizes of Irish badgers. The age profile of the immigrating/dispersing females was also unexpected, as it was not primarily made up of younger females but instead it was a mix of adults and aged adults. However, there were some significant differences seen between individuals in repeatedly culled areas and those from undisturbed areas. Females in repeatedly culled areas had significantly fewer blastocysts and those that did breed had significantly smaller litters. This study also determined that teat width, length and mammary gland depth change significantly with pregnancy and that reproductively active females could be distinguished from their non-breeding counterparts using these criteria early as January. With fecundity not decreasing as expected, this means that there may be ethical concerns for culling in repeatedly culled areas during the breeding season as lactating females may be culled and their cubs left to starve. This brings into questions the effectiveness of the current closed season, which would appear to be too short, at the wrong time of year and not currently implemented in all areas. A change to this current policy is strongly recommended
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