1,721,032 research outputs found
Parenté et organisation sociale chez les Wayùu : Retour sur la question
No full textDans cet article, l’auteur revient sur certaines questions concernant le domaine de la parenté et de l’organisation sociale des Wayùu de la péninsule de La Guajira, dans la zone frontalière du nord de la Colombie et du Venezuela. Prenant pour point de départ le désaccord entre Goulet et Saler sur l’existence de catégories et de groupes de lignages et sur la place de ceux-ci dans le monde social des Wayùu, il opte pour le point de vue de Saler, à savoir que ces catégories peuvent être considérées non seulement dans les mythes au sujet de l’origine de la société wayùu, mais aussi dans les différents concepts qui réfèrent à l’ancestralité utérine commune d’un groupe de gens apparentés, ainsi que dans les processus de développement, de reproduction et de subdivision des groupes matrilinéaires. La seconde partie de l’article aborde un certain nombre de questions suscitées par l’information ethnographique au sujet de la terminologie de la parenté chez les Wayùu : les différences entre les rapports des chercheurs ; la possibilité de choisir entre plusieurs options terminologiques lorsqu’il s’agit, soit de s’adresser à un même parent, soit de l’évoquer ; et l’interprétation des corrélats sociaux aux caractéristiques de type Crow. L’auteur avance que, dans l’étude de l’organisation sociale des Wayùu, la plupart de ces questions exigent d’être approchées de façon diachronique autant qu’historique, de pair avec une approche ethnographique.In this paper, the author revisits some debated or scarcely explored issues regarding the field of kinship and of social organization among the Wayuu of the Guajira peninsula (Northern Colombia and Venezuela). He takes as a starting point the disagreement between Goulet and Saler on the existence and the place that descent categories and groups hold in the Wayuu social world, supporting the latter’s view that they can be grasped not only in myths about the origin of Wayuu society but also in the several ways and concepts that refer to the common uterine ancestry of a group of relatives as well as to the processes of development, reproduction and subdivision of matrilineal descent groups. In the second part of the paper, he deals with a number of questions posited by the ethnographic information about Wayuu kinship terminology: the differences existing among scholars’ reports, the availability of different terminological options both to address or to refer to a same kin-type, the interpretation of the social correlates of its Crow-type features. He argues that most of these issues require to undertake, along with an ethnographical approach, a diachronic as well as historic approach in the study of Wayuu social organization.En este artículo, el autor revisa algunos temas debatidos o escasamente explorados que conciernen el parentesco y la organización social entre los Wayuu de la península de la Guajira, en la zona fronteriza del norte de Colombia y Venezuela. En primer lugar, se hace referencia al desacuerdo entre Goulet y Saler sobre la existencia y el lugar que ocupan las categorías y grupos de descendencia en el mundo social Wayuu. A partir de la información recogida en el curso del trabajo de campo, el autor comparte la visión de Saler según la cual el relieve que tienen categorías y grupos de descendencia puede ser captado no solo en los mitos sobre el origen de la sociedad Wayuu sino también en las diversas formas y conceptos que se refieren a la ascendencia uterina común de un grupo de parientes, así como a los procesos de desarrollo, reproducción y subdivisión de los grupos matrilineales. La segunda parte del artículo aborda una serie de interrogantes planteadas por la información etnográfica sobre la terminología del parentesco Wayuu: las diferencias existentes entre los informes de los académicos, la disponibilidad de diferentes opciones terminológicas tanto para dirigirse como para referirse a un mismo tipo de pariente, la interpretación de los correlatos sociales de sus características de tipo Crow. El autor sostiene que la mayoría de estos temas requieren emprender, junto con un enfoque etnográfico, un enfoque tanto diacrónico como histórico en el estudio de la organización social Wayuu
Lo spettro della libertà nelle scienze sociali
No full textIn The Dawn of Everything Graeber and Wengrow criticize the thesis according to which the «Neolithic Revolution» triggered an «evolutionary trap» that channeled the subsequent course of human history, above all in what regards the development of structures and institutions of political domination, towards its current state. More generally, they propose a rethinking of social theory in the direction of a greater focus on the role of human freedom, creativity and imagination in orienting historical processes, which should balance the current determinist emphasis on ecological and economic factors. However, the authors’ project of building an alternative theory in which these capacities are placed in the right light suffers from important argumentative weaknesses. Their reference to abstract notions of freedom, human subjectivity and «humanity» too often remains historically, socioeconomically and politically decontextualized.
In this sense, it is one thing to argue that the political domination did not arise as a simple by-product of the first historical development of economic inequalities, it is another matter not to delve into the understanding of their variable and complex interconnections throughout human history from the Neolithic to the present day
Altre persone. Antropologia, visioni del mondo e ontologie indigene
No full textLa messa in discussione dell’universalità delle dicotomie natura/cultura e natura/società ha posto gli antropologi di fronte al compito di elaborare nuove prospettive teoriche per l’analisi e la comparazione dei modi con cui in società diverse si concepiscono le frontiere ontologiche tra umano e non umano, soggetto e oggetto, mente e corpo, persona e cosa. Nel volume si propone una ricostruzione critica della “svolta ontologica” nell’antropologia socioculturale contemporanea, rintracciandone gli antecedenti, esaminando gli approcci dei suoi principali esponenti ad alcuni temi chiave di dibattito (i rapporti tra umanità e animalità, tra soggettività del vivente ed “essere nel mondo”, tra socialità, relazione e agency, tra ontologia insita nelle distinzioni categoriali del pensiero moderno e ontologie implicite nelle visioni del mondo ‘premoderne’) e articolandone un confronto con le posizioni di chi, invece, sostiene che sia giunto il momento di riscrivere l’agenda dell’antropologia inserendola nel quadro delle ricerche e dei paradigmi dominanti nelle scienze cognitive e nella biologia evoluzionist
Critica scientifica, popolarizzazione dell’etnografia ed etica dell’antropologo: sulla “controversia yanomami”, per esempio
Full text linkThe “controversy over the Yanomami” has affected central issues, both epistemological and
ethical and political, for the discipline and practice of anthropology, particularly concerning the
ethics of field research; the way to use research data to support certain theoretical hypotheses;
the relationships between popularization and politicization of research and, more generally, the
responsibility of anthropologists with respect to both the uses of their studies in the public
sphere and towards the human subjects with whom they work. In this article, I examine some
key moments of the “controversy”. In particular, I try to reconstruct the way in which the image
of the Yanomami as the “last primitive society” was initially consolidated, inside and outside
anthropology, and, in this sense, I compare the ethnographies of Chagnon and Lizot. In the
paper, I also place particular emphasis on the different ways in which ethnographers have
textually marked their positioning in the field as “proof” of the “authenticity” of their
representations of the Yanomami world. In the last part, I summarize the effects of the “media
storm” on American anthropology, which were caused by the accusations of ethically
inappropriate, if not completely execrable, behavior addressed to Chagnon and Lizot in Darkness
in El Dorado, the book-report by journalist Patrick Tierney
Recensione di: M. Pavanello, “Il segreto degli antenati. Un etnografo nel cuore del Ghana”
No full textRecensione di: M. Pavanello, “Il segreto degli antenati. Un etnografo nel cuore del Ghana
Relaciones de género entre los Wayuu. Estado de la investigación y nuevos campos de análisis
No full textL'articolo esamina le relazioni di genere tra i Wayuu della Colombia. Vengono esaminati i rapporti tra genere, discendenza matrilineare e gerarchie di status basate sulla ricchezza. La posizione delle donne è trattata sia in riferimento all'organizzazione sociale, sia nelle guerre interne, sia a livello simbolico, tanto nella mitologia che nei rituali. Il ruolo di interfaccia tra interno ed esterno del sè collettivo giocato dalle donne si esprime tra i Wayuu in particolare nel loro ruolo preponderante come sciamene che in quello di rappresentanti del gruppo nelle negoziazioni con le istituzioni non indigen
Al di là dell’opposizione tra “malessere concettuale” e “cattiva coscienza”. Sul disagio dell’antropologia contemporanea di fronte al maltrattamento degli animali
Full text linkIn this paper I propose a critical examination of the ways in which the
intersections between violence, suffering and domination in some of the main new
directions of the anthropological study of the relationships between humans and other
animals, notably Ingold's approach, Descola’s theory of “schemas of the practice”, and
multispecies ethnography. Apparently, and despite the emphasis given to the sentience
and forms of agency of non-human animals, as well as to their being active coparticipants,
together with humans, in the construction of social networks and the
habitats that bind both, these intersections do not occupy a prominent place in these
approaches, both from the point of view of their theoretical framework and from that of
the ethnographic descriptions. The elusive place that the intersections between violence,
suffering and domination occupies in contemporary approaches to humans/ other animals
relationships has an important consequence in the the lack of a mutually constructive
confrontation with animal advocacy’s movements and with the ethical and political
theories to which these movements are inspired. It seems desirable and urgent to consider
today the issues of suffering and violence inflicted on non-human animals assuming a
careful listening posture at positions other than one’s own. Such pluralism, to be adopted
both on the level of scientific debate and on that of dialogue between different ethical
options, is pointed to by some important proposals developed both in other fields of
contemporary anthropology and in the reflection on future prospects for the development
of an “ecological justice
La ‘svolta ontologica’ e le questioni epistemologiche in antropologia
No full textIn the first part of this article I propose to approach the ‘ontological turn’ in anthropology by focusing on how Martin Holbraad and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro link epistemological, ontological and political issues. Focusing on their new epistemological views to others’ forms of thought and their intrinsic conceptual and ontological presuppositions, inexplicable through the recourse to external determinants, these scholars aim at a radical epistemological and political questioning of the bipartitions of Western modern ontology (such as nature vs culture) in line with Bruno Latour’s ideas on ‘modern constitution’ and its distinction between ‘matters of fact’ and ‘matters of concern’. The article explores the similarities between these two approaches and others (such as interpretative anthropology, critical ethnography, and Michael Foucault’s philosophy) with whom ‘ontologists’ are not willing to cooperate, notwithstanding their analogous focus on power, knowledge, meaning, and truth
- …
