195,995 research outputs found
Mobility as a Service - MaaS [Elektronisk resurs] : Describing the framework
No full textMobility as a Service is a quite novel term and has not a commonly agreed definition yet. In this report we use the term Combined mobility services to describe a service offering, including public transport in combination with other transport modes such as taxi, car-sharing, bike-sharing etc.The drivers for the change in how we will consume mobility are multiple, but the report discusses Societal trends such as Urbanisation ad climate change and sharing economy, Economical trends such as excess capacity and new payment systems together with technological development as enabler for the transition. New mobility services are constantly entering the market, and one of the most well-known is UBER. The limousine brokering service that, based on a technological platform have expanded around the world and also in terms of the service offering, now offering services covering the taxi-segment and now starting to offer services very close to public transport.The auto-makers are starting to grasp a possible different future, and are launching mobility services such as car-pool, free-floating car-pools and simplified car-owning schemes.Especially in the Nordic countries, the concept of MaaS is taking of, with services like Ubigo, which was piloted in Goteborg during 2014 and MaaS.fi, a Finnish MaaS-service to be started in 2016 in Finland with the goal of a global expansion. Telecom actors like Ericsson and Sonera are also active in this area. In Sweden, the public transport sector is analysing which role they should take in the MaaS-actor-ecosystem, and in Västra Götaland, a pre-commercial procurement of combined mobility services is scheduled for 2016. On a European level, the MaaS-alliance, supported by ERTICO[1], was formed during 2015 with the aim to stimulate the implementation of MaaS in Europe. EU also supports the concept by issuing a specific topic for MaaS in the 2016 H2020 mobility call.There are also a series of research-project ongoing, especially in Sweden and Finland, studying MaaS from a institutional, business and technical perspective. However, few studies are currently researching the sustainability effects of MaaS, even though initial studies indicates that MaaS, if designed bad, also can have negative environmental effects. Mobility as a Service can be designed in different ways and with different types of actors as the lead. If the public transport should be the coordinator of MaaS or a facilitating collaborator is discussed in the report. The report argues that public transport can provide a better stability of such a service (compared to a commercial MaaS operator), but also that public transport do not have the same flexibility in service offering as an external actor, and that they may attract more public transport users than car-owners to the service, in which case the environmental effects can be negative. The report also argues that if MaaS-service is subsidized (other than the services provided by PT), it can also lead to negative rebound effects, and if it is NOT subsidized, there are less reasons why public transport should organise the MaaS-service.UITP, the international organisation for public transport, have an active process for combined mobility services, CMS,(as MaaS is named in the PT sector) and promotes PT to take an active or even leading role in the establishment of this. In the report, some models are introduced for describing different types of mobility services emerging, and the most important distinction of what the report describes as MaaS, is that a Combined Mobility Service provides a subscription of some kind and possibly also a re-packaging of included services, while integrated public transport mainly gives the user the possibility to plan, book, and pay for the whole journey with several transport modes in one service (app). CMS is therefore both a business model and a technical platform which draws its profitability on the reduction of privately owned cars, whilst integrated public transport represents mainly a technical integration which mainly simplifies the shift between modes for a single trip. Both these versions are often referred as MaaS-services. The eco-system of MaaS, and different actor roles are introduced in the report, showing that there are business opportunities for Maas-operators, platform providers, mobility service providers as well as for public transport if the MaaS-service is designed in a right way. Several institutional barriers are identified in the report, which if addressed, could facilitate a faster introduction of MaaS. The Swedish transport subsidy system is discussed, where subsidizing of cars is allowed, but not the subsidizing of mobility services. The role of public transport and the importance of PT (brand) facing the customer, or if a neutral actor is better in attracting private car-owners to exchange the car for mobility services. The technical matureness of public transport is addressed, while a digitized business process (buying, paying and distributing electronic tickets) is a prerequisite for a commercial MaaS-operator to be able to include public transport in the service offering. Technically, Swedish public transport has a very good position through the work done at X2AB/Samtrafiken, but the policy issues around the possibility for third-party actors to use this, is not yet addressed, especially not on a national level.Finally several areas are identified where more research is needed to fully understand and take advantage of the possibilities with MaaS. The foremost area, where few initiatives have been identified, is the sustainability effects of MaaS. If wrongly designed, MaaS can give environmental effects of the service are negative (e.g making PT users to use more car-pools), and positive effects are gained if citizens are exchanging the owning of a car with subscription of mobility services.Other identified research areas are social factors like accessibility are effected by less car-ownership and the introduction of MaaS, how MaaS can contribute to resource efficiency, how MaaS can be supported by policy integration and other institutional issues. [1] European network for ITS deployment. www.ertico.com</p
Actieplan Hoogwater Maas
No full textNaar aanleiding van de overstromingen van 1993 en 1995 is internationale samenwerking een absolute noodzaak om tot een duurzame bescherming tegen hoogwater te komen. Het Actieplan Hoogwater Maas is opgesteld door de transnationale Werkgroep Hoogwater Maas (WHM). De doelstelling van het Actieplan is te komen tot een coherent geheel van maatregelen op korte, middellange en lange termijn om mensenlevens te besparen en de schade ten gevolge van overstromingen zoveel als mogelijk te voorkómen of te beperken. Bij de bescherming tegen hoogwater zijn naast het waterbeheer ook ruimtelijke ordening, natuurbeheer en andere beleidsterreinen zoals land- en bosbouw betrokken. Vijf principes liggen aan het Actieplan ten grondslag: 1) Integrale, multidisciplinaire en solidaire actie in het perspectief van duurzame ontwikkeling; 2) Bewustzijn van het gevaar 3) Rekening houden met het water 4) Water vasthouden 5) Ruimte voor de rivier en de zijrivieren De maatregelen van het Actieplan zijn, naast hoogwaterbescherming, gericht op het behoud en herstel van de ecosystemen in het stroomgebied van de Maas. Deze maatregelen zijn sterk toekomstgericht en houden rekening met alle functies van de rivier. In de verschillende Staten en Gewesten in het stroomgebied van de Maas worden op deze principes gebaseerde acties uitgevoerd of voorbereid: het "Plan risque inondations" in Frankrijk, de aanscherping van de "Code Wallon de l'Aménagement du Terntoire, de l'Urbanisme et du Patrimoine" in het Waals Gewest, het verwijderen van de bebouwing in het winterbed van de Maas in het Vlaams Gewest, de samenwerking tussen het Vlaams Gewest en Nederland aan het plan "Levende Grensmaas" en de Nederlandse projecten "Grensmaas" en "Zandmaas". Bovendien besluiten de Ministers de operationele informatie en waarschuwing m.b.t. hoogwater ingrijpend te verbeteren door de ontwikkeling van voorspellingsmodellen en de verbetering van de gegevensuitwisseling tussen operationele centra. Daartoe zullen de Ministers zich inspannen de hiervoor benodigde financiële en personele middelen beschikbaar te stellen.Actieplan Hoogwate
De alchemist: Een komedie van Ben Jonson
No full textNederlandse bewerking door Paul Maas. In opdracht van: Theater de Tobb
Tourism MaaS – The case for regional cities
No full textMobility-as-a-service (MaaS) has predominantly been focused on urban commuter transport. Now attention is shifting towards tourism applications. MaaS could address many current challenges in transport and tourism, enabling visitors to spend less time planning their travel, and more time enjoying their visit. It also provides an avenue for businesses to reach out to potential visitors and customers. This paper explores opportunities and challenges for regional MaaS development, with a multi-county review of selected tourism applications of MaaS, including Finland, Japan, and Taiwan. Then, a regional applicability study was conducted in three Queensland (Australia) regional centres of varying forms – Townsville, Rockhampton-Yeppoon, and Gladstone. Stakeholder interviews and a workshop were conducted, followed by a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis across four dimensions: i) stakeholder collaboration, ii) technology, iii) operating environment, and iv) service and market. The results suggest that a multimodal tourism-based MaaS offering has better potential in a place with a diverse economy and a growing tourist offer. Respondents indicated that a successful MaaS requires close integration of various modes, and also non-transport value-adding services (e.g., events, accommodation or attractions). Significant challenges remain in intermodal integration, long term transport funding, and cooperation between various businesses and transport operators.Full Tex
Costus albiflos Maas & H. Maas 2016, sp. nov.
No full text3. Costus albiflos Maas & H.Maas , sp. nov. — Plate 1c; Map 2 Costus albiflos is very easily recognizable by its leafless flowering shoot, green appendaged bracts and completely white flowers (with only a slightly yellow nectar guide). Its petiole, ligule and sheaths are covered with ap-pressed, 0.5–1 mm long hairs with a thickened base creating a ‘rough’ feeling. — Type: Maas et al. 10411 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0380170, WAG0380171]; iso BR, K, L [L.2079937], LBV, MO, P, UC), Gabon, Estuaire, side road at km 46 of road from Kougouleu to Méla, on the border of Parc National Monts de Cristal, 15 m, 21 Nov. 2011. Terrestrial herb 1–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 1–1.5 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed, 10–30 mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole rather densely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long; lamina pale green below, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 20–40 by 5–8 cm, slightly 6 –10-plicate, upper side glabrous or sparsely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long, lower side sparsely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long to glabrous, midrib rather densely so and hairs longer, base acute, apex acuminate (acu-men 15–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 4–12 by 3–8 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 10–50 cm long; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles and calyx sparsely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long, ovary and capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts green, coriaceous, broadly ovate, 1.5–2 by 1–2.5 cm, callus absent; append-ages green, horizontally spreading, broadly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 1–3.5 by 1–2.5 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 18–20(–25) mm long, with 1 or 2 calli 1–1.5 mm long; calyx 9–14 mm long, lobes ovate-triangular, 2–4 mm long, callus absent; corolla white, 50–55 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 15 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate, 35–40 mm long; labellum white, inner side sometimes with a pale yellow nectar guide, horizon-tally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 30–35 by 30 mm; stamen white, 30–40 by 10 mm, anther 5–6(–9) mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 10–15 by 6–8 mm. Seeds 1–2 by 1–2 mm. Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon). Habitat & Ecology — In lowland rainforest, often near streams, at elevations of 0– 700 m. Flowering and fruiting: February, April and May. IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an AOO of 40 km 2 from seven locations of which only one is part of a National Park, while most others face several logging threats, we assess this species as Vulnerable (VU): B2ab(ii,iii,iv). Other specimens examined. CAMEROON, South Province, Collines BOG, 5 km W of Atogboga (25 km NNE of Bipindi), 30 Jan. 1974, Letouzey 12829 (P); Colline Nkol Tsia, 18 km NW of Bipindi, near Gouap, 488 m, 5 Feb. 1974, Letouzey 12913 (P); Nyangong, transect 8, 700 m, 12 Dec. 1996, Van Gemerden 101 (WAG). South-West Province, Ndian, Ekundu Kundu, 200 m, 26Apr.1996, Cheek et al. 8204 (K, WAG). – GABON, Estuaire, Crystal Mountains, 3 km along track Alen Nkomo-Andok Foula, 30 m, 21 Nov. 1986, J.J.F.E. de Wilde et al. 8895 (LBV, MO, WAG); Parc National de Monts de Cris-tal, road L108 from Kinguélé to Tchimbélé, past Kinguélé, c. 300 m, 24 Oct. 2011, Maas et al.9968 (LBV, WAG). Woleu-Ntem, Chantier Oveng,c. 500 m, 7 May 1986, A.M. Louis 2185 (LBV, WAG); Crystal Mountains, 1 km S of Tchimbélé, 450 m, 14 Nov. 2004, Wieringa et al. 5423 (WAG).Published as part of Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3) on page 293, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, http://zenodo.org/record/757002
Gemeente Horst aan de Maas. Broekhuizenvorst.: Onderzoek naar bewoningssporen binnen onderzoeksgebied 02
No full textOp 16 en 17 oktober 2017 heeft BAAC in opdracht van Mooder Maas, een inventariserend proefsleuvenonderzoek uitgevoerd in onderzoeksgebied O2 te Broekhuizenvorst, gem. Horst aan de Maas.
Genoemde locatie maakt deel uit van het overkoepelende onderzoeksgebied Gebiedsontwikkeling Ooijen-Wanssum. Hierbij zal een hoogwatergeul worden aangelegd ter verbetering van de waterhuishouding van de Maas bij (extreem) hoge waterstanden. Op deze wijze wordt getracht om de impact van grote overstromingen in de toekomst te beperken. Tevens zullen op verschillende plekken in het gebied (waaronder onderhavig onderzoeksgebied) wegen en bruggen worden aangelegd. Door de realisatie van de plannen zal de bodem (plaatselijk) tot maximaal 6 m beneden het huidige maaiveld worden afgegraven. Binnen deze diepte kunnen zich archeologische vindplaatsen bevinden, die als gevolg van de werkzaamheden gevaar lopen vernietigd te worden.
Het onderzoeksgebied O2 ligt binnen een gebied dat al sinds 2012 onderwerp van archeologisch onderzoek is. In de nabijheid van onderzoeksgebied O2 zijn archeologische resten gevonden uit verschillende archeologische perioden (vanaf de steentijd tot de middeleeuwen en nieuwe tijd). Deze situatie levert een mogelijkheid om de besproken locatie in een bredere archeologische context te plaatsen.
Onderzoeksgebied O2 ligt op het terras van de beddingafzettingen met laat pleistocene ouderdom. Dit terras bevindt zich met een hoogte van rond de 15,65 m + NAP buiten het bereik van de Maas (zelfs bij extreem hoge waterstanden).
De beddingsedimenten zijn afgezet in het Allerød-interstadiaal en bestaan uit matig fijn tot zeer grof zand met inclusies van grind. Op het noordelijke deel van de vindplaatslocatie bevindt zich een insnijding van de beddingafzettingen uit het Jonge Dryas. Deze afzettingen bestaan uit overwegend zeer grof zand dat slecht is gesorteerd en slecht is afgerond. Het zand is matig grindhoudend. In de loop van de middeleeuwen en de nieuwe tijd is een esdek opgebracht. Het esdek heeft een gemiddelde dikte van 70 centimeter.
Uit het archeologisch onderzoek blijkt dat in onderzoeksgebied O2 resten uit twee archeologische perioden aanwezig zijn. De eerste archeologisch aantoonbare gebruiksfase dateert uit de Romeinse tijd. Daarnaast zijn sporen en structuren aanwezig die in de nieuwe tijd geplaatst kunnen worden.
De resten uit de Romeinse tijd bestaan uit sporen die tot resten van een (secundaire) weg horen. Duidelijke aanwijzingen voor gebruik van het terrein zijn in het noordoostelijke deel van het onderzoeksgebied aangetroffen. Verder is vondstmateriaal uit de steentijd en de ijzertijd verzameld, bestaande uit enkele losse vondsten van handgevormd aardewerk, vuursteen en natuursteen
Costus kupensis Maas & H. Maas 2016, sp. nov.
No full text11. Costus kupensis Maas & H.Maas , sp. nov. — Fig. 5; Plate 3a; Map 6 Costus kupensis can easily be recognized by its yellow flowers and an inflo- rescence terminating a separate leafless shoot, a combination of characters not seen in any other African species of Costus. — Type: Cheek et al. 7111 (holo K; iso L, SCA, WAG, YA), Cameroon, South-West Province, hunters path from Kupe Village to mountain top, 840 m, 24 Jan. 1995. Costus sp. A. Cheek in Cheek et al. (2004) 434, pl. 15E. Terrestrial herb 1.5–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 1–2.5 cm diam, dark red; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed, 5–18 mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs <1 mm long; lamina narrowly obovate-elliptic, 20–27 by 6–9 cm, upper side glabrous, lower side sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs <1 mm long on margin and midrib to glabrous, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen 15–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 4–9 by 3–4 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 3–15 cm long; (upper part of) bracts and capsule sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs <1 mm long, bracteole with a row of erect hairs on the keel, calyx glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts dark reddish brown, coriaceous, broadly to depressed ovate, 1–2 by 1.5–2.5 cm, callus sometimes present and then c. 2 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 18–22 mm long, callus c. 1 mm long; calyx 12–16 mm long, in fruit exceeding the bracts, lobes narrowly to broadly triangular, 2–5 mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow, upper part of lobes pinkish, 55–60 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 15 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 40–45 mm long; labellum yellow, with dark yellow nectar guide, funnel-shaped to horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, c. 50 by 50 mm; stamen yellow, c. 40 by 14 mm, apex recurved, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, c. 11 by 6 mm. Seeds c. 2 by 1.5 mm. Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon). Habitat & Ecology — In rainforest. At elevations of 800– 1000 m. Flowering and fruiting: January, May and October. IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an EOO of 1419 km 2 and an AOO of 12 km 2, occurring on 3 locations, none of which currently has a protected status and one might be already lost, we assess this species as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+ 2ab(I,ii,iii,iv,v). Other specimens examined. CAMEROON, Littoral Province, Ebo proposed National Park, Yingui, CRES camp on trail to Iboti, 800 m, 23 Apr. 2005, Cheek et al. 12498 (K, YA); Mont Nlonako, 5 km SSE of Nkongsamba, 1000 m, 17 Mar.1976, Letouzey 14456 (K, P). South-West Province, Kupe- Muanenguba Division, Kupe Village, vicinity of saprophyte site on Daniel Ajang’s bush, 870 m, 20 May1996, Cable et al. 2471 (K, U, WAG, YA). Note — The description is partly based on our observations on a living plant in Burgers’ Bush, vouchered as Maas & Maas 10575.Published as part of Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3) on page 300, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, http://zenodo.org/record/757002
Costus loangensis H. Maas & Maas
No full text15. Costus loangensis H.Maas & Maas — Map 7 Costus loangensis H.Maas & Maas (2012) 12, f. 1. — Type: Maas et al. 10184 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0380168, WAG0380169]; iso K, LBV, MO, P, UC), Gabon, Ogooué-Maritime, Parc Nacional de Loango, between Lodge and Staff building, wet forest on white sand, along forest trail, at about sea level, 9 Nov. 2011. Etymology. Costus loangensis is named after the place where it has been collected near Loango Lodge, in Parc Nacional de Loango in Gabon. Costus loangensis was discovered upon seeing a photograph of an unknown Costus in Vande Weghe’s book on plants and animals of Gabon’s National Parks (2007:278, f. 623).He describes and publishes a photo of a specimen of Costus ‘which seems to be quite typical for these coastal forests’. We, however, found only a single population. Terrestrial herb, 0.5–0.6 m tall, shoots dark brownish red. Leaves few (6–7) concentrated at the apex of the shoot; sheaths dark red, 0.6–0.8 cm diam; ligule membranous, 2-lobed, 15–18 mm long; petiole 5–6 mm long; sheaths sparsely to rather densely covered with erect to half-appressed hairs c. 2 mm long, ligule and petiole densely to rather densely so; lamina dark olive-green, zone along midrib sometimes reddish, nar- rowly elliptic to elliptic, 14–16 by 5–6 cm, densely to rather densely covered with erect to half-appressed hairs 1.5–2 mm long on both sides, base attenuate, apex acute. Inflorescence 3–5-flowered, ovoid, c. 2 by 1–1.5 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; outer side of bracts, bracteoles and calyx densely covered with appressed to half-appressed hairs <1 mm long, ovary sparsely so. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts reduced, brown to reddish brown, chartaceous, narrowly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 1.7–2 by 0.5–1 cm, callus 2.5–3 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 15–18 mm long, callus 1.5–2 mm long; calyx 11–12 mm long, lobes deltate, c. 2 mm long, callus c. 1 mm long; corolla yellow, 50–55 mm long, rather densely covered with half-appressed hairs <1 mm long, particularly near the apex, tube 20–25 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 30–35 mm long, together forming a hood over the throat opposite the labellum, apex with a callus-like thickening; labellum completely yellow, horizontally flattened with funnel-shaped base, broadly obovate when spread out, 30–40 by 40–50 mm, margin fimbriate (fimbriae 2–3 mm long); stamen yellow, 25–30 by 7–10 mm, anther 5–7 mm long. Capsule and seeds not seen. Distribution — Central Africa (Gabon). Only known from the type collection. Habitat & Ecology — In wet rainforest, on white sand, at elevations of about sea level. Flowering and fruiting: November. IUCN Conservation Status — Costus loangensis has only been collected once (AOO = 4 km 2), just outside a National Park. Although this locality is within the buffer zone around the park, this locality is used for the construction of tourist accommodations. To our knowledge there exist only few mature individuals of this species. We therefore access this species as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii,v); D. Notes — Costus loangensis, known only from the type collection, is a species of small (c. 0.5 m tall) plants with few (6 or 7) leaves, completely yellow flowers and unappendaged bracts. Shoots and leaves are covered with a dense indument of erect to half-appressed hairs. Costus loangensis differs from the very similar C. ligularis, another species of small size with a dense indument, by the colour of its flowers; those of C. ligularis are pale pink rather than bright yellow in C. loangensis. Moreover, the bracts of C. ligularis are generally appendaged.Published as part of Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3) on page 304, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, http://zenodo.org/record/757002
16. Maas (P.). Epidaurische Hymnen
No full textRoussel Pierre. 16. Maas (P.). Epidaurische Hymnen. In: Revue des Études Grecques, tome 48, fascicule 228, Octobre-décembre 1935. p. 596
Costus louisii H. Maas & Maas. Inflorescence 2016, sp. nov.
No full text<p> <b> 16. <i>Costus louisii</i> H.Maas & Maas</b> , <i>sp. nov.</i> — Plate 4f; Map 10</p> <p> <i>Costus louisii</i> looks superficially like <i>C. afer</i> but can be distinguished by having shiny leaves, 1 flower per bract, shiny green bracts and completely pinkish red flowers. —</p> <p> Type: <i>Maas et al. 10339</i> (holo WAG; iso K, L-spirit [L0298233], LBV, MO, UC), Gabon, Estuaire, Libreville, Glass, garden of A.M. Louis, at sea level, 6 Nov. 2011, cultivated from a specimen collected by A.M. Louis, 30 km S of Mayumba, within walking distance of the ocean, on white sand, in swampy low forest.</p> <p> Terrestrial herb 1.5–2.5 m tall. <i>Leaves</i> many; sheaths 0.8–1.1 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, unequally 2-lobed, 10–29 mm long, apical margin with white curly fibers; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous except for some long hairs at the very base of the leaves, many on the upper margin of the ligule and also some on the border between the petiole and the sheath; lamina upper side dark green, lower side pale green, shiny at both sides or only at the upper side, narrowly ovate-elliptic (to obovate), 20–29 by 6–10 cm, both sides and margin glabrous except for some erect hairs <1 mm long, base acute (to slightly cordate), apex acuminate (acumen 15–35 mm long). <i>Inflorescence</i> many-flowered, ovoid, (4–)7–10 by 4–6 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx and ovary glabrous. <i>Flowers</i> 1(–2) per bract; bracts basally green with shiny brown to dark red upper part, coriaceous, broadly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 2–3 by 2–3 cm, callus absent; appendages generally absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 20–21 mm long, callus (pale) green c. 2 mm long; calyx 17–21 mm long, lobes triangular, 3–4 mm long, callus absent; corolla white, 50–60 mm long, glabrous, tube 10–15 mm long, lobes white with pink apex and yellow base, narrowly elliptic, 40–45 mm long; labellum at the outer side white, inner side basally white, upper part completely (striped with) dark pink, throat and nectar guide yellow, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate to circular when spread out, 45–50 by 50–55 mm, margin crenate and undulate; stamen white with dark pink apex, 30–35 by 10–15 mm, apex (dark) pink, anther 7–8 mm long. <i>Capsule</i> and <i>seeds</i> not seen.</p> <p>Distribution — Central Africa (Gabon).</p> <p>Habitat & Ecology — In swampy low forest or savanna, on white sand, at elevations of about sea level. Flowering and fruiting: November.</p> <p>Field observations — The plants are pollinated by small birds; capsule and seeds were never seen (A.M. Louis, pers. comm.).</p> <p> IUCN Conservation Status — This species is only known from a single wild collection (AOO = 4 km 2) from a small popula- tion, and one plant in cultivation. This location does not have any protected status.Although it is not immediately threatened, there is some tourism development in the area. We assess this species as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii,v); D.</p> <p> Notes — <i>Costus louisii</i> looks very much like <i>C. afer</i>, both having many-flowered inflorescences that terminate the leafy shoots. In <i>C. louisii</i>, however, the leaves are shiny at both sides, whereas the leaves of <i>C. afer</i> are never shiny. Moreover, the labellum of the flowers of <i>C. louisii</i> is horizontally flattened and completely dark pink with yellow nectar guide, while that of <i>C. afer</i> is funnel-shaped and white with a yellow nectar guide and red colouring restricted to the margins. The material of <i>C. louisii</i> has all been collected from plants now in cultivation in the greenhouses of Burgers’ Bush,Arnhem, The Netherlands and of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, Great Britain. They originate from the type specimen growing in the garden of A.M. Louis, who collected it 30 km S of Mayumba, Gabon, within walking distance of the ocean, on white sand, in swampy low forest (S3°36’ E10°52’).</p>Published as part of <i>Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3)</i> on page 305, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7570023">http://zenodo.org/record/7570023</a>
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