45 research outputs found
Category of Authorship Development: from Shakespeare to Romanticism
No full textThe subject of the research is hidden in the long work of cultural mechanisms origin and development of category of authorship. It is shown that this category gradually singled out from a triad playwright - actors - audience in the Golden age of English literature with the parallel development of dyad writer - readers . According to the author, this dyad began to strengthen with the advent of book printing, which, together with the theatre, led to the formation of a mass readership. The concept is provided, according to which the process of the category of authorship formation can be seen in W. Shakespeare, the genius author. It is suggested that one can speak about the first stage of approval of the “author” category in connection with the publication of the First folio in 1623. It is emphasized that the final transfiguration of W. Shakespeare in the author-creator was only by the end of the 18th century - early 19th century, when the English and German romantics turned to the concept of genius developed by I. Kant. It is argued that romanticism intuitively appreciated Kant’s creative imagination as a distinctive feature of Shakespeare’s works, and it came to the conclusion that the ability to imagine and to build a new world considers the subject of this ability as the chief creative component. Review of works of the 18th century showed that English philologists have also contributed to the development of the category of authorship. So, E. Young was one of the first who clearly distinguished between imitators and the original authors. It is proved that the idea of originality developed in the romanticism to the idea of the poet as prophet, original and genius to such an extent that his time is not able to recognize him, and therefore, he will be completely appreciated only by future generations
«Paris school of theology» in the assessments of western and domestic researchers
No full textIntroduction. The article analyzes the approaches of Western and domestic researchers in assessing the relevance of the definition – «Paris School of theology» of its meaning. In the context of the analysis of these approaches, the validity and objectivity of assessments of both the ideas of the «Paris school» and the concept itself – the «Paris school of theology» is considered. Special emphasis is placed on the analysis of the binary scheme proposed by Western scientists – «modernism-traditionalism» in the assessments of the «Paris School of theology».Materials and Methods. The material for the article was the work of representatives of the «Paris School», S. Bulgakov, G. V. Florovsky, as well as the work of Western and domestic researchers. The article analyzes the works of P. Voler, K. Shtekl, S. S. Khoruzhego, A. A. Arzhakovsky, I. V. Golubovich, G. Kapriev, E. Laut, V. Susa, etc. The article uses methods of systematic and comparative analysis, generalization and historical and philosophical analysis.Results. The conducted research shows that in relation to the phenomenon of the «Paris School», a number of trends have developed in Western and domestic thought. The dominant trend is the approach of P. Valliere, who denies the relevance of this concept, pointing to the lack of unity in it. The discussion around the concept of the «Paris school» that is going on today is largely a question of the place and role in the modern philosophy and theology of Russian emigration. Often the diametric opposite of the opinions analyzed here is due to the philosophical tradition shared by the authors of the statements.Discussion and conclusions. The author managed to conduct a historiographical study of the main directions in assessing the relevance of the concept «Paris School of theology». As a result of a systematic analysis of approaches to this problem, an original classification was proposed, which is based on a clear identification and analysis of two methodologically determined directions in the assessments of the historical reality of the «Paris school»
Evolution of approaches to the problem of the influence of ancient philosophy on christianity
No full textIntroduction. The article analyzes various views expressed in domestic and foreign criticism on the problem of the boundaries and the degree of influence of ancient thought on the Christian tradition. The article analyzes the question not only about the distortion of the ancient philosophy of Christianity, but also about the legitimacy of the influence of the "Hellenic" Christianity itself on the cultures of other peoples. Special attention is paid to the analysis of similarities and differences in approaches to this issue in philosophical thought in the West and in Russian philosophy.Materials and Methods. The main material for this article is the monograph of G. V. Florovsky's "Christianity and Civilization: Selected works on theology and Philosophy", as well as an extensive article by P. B. Mikhailov – "The concept of Hellenization of Christianity in the history of theology". In addition, the research material is the works of other domestic and foreign authors analyzing the problem under consideration. The article uses the methods of comparative analysis, generalization and historical and philosophical analysis.Results. The analysis shows that the concept that arose in Protestantism, the substitution of evangelical preaching in the late Christian thought with alien ideas of ancient philosophy, has undergone an evolution. Modern criticism emphasizes that the accusation itself is based on the German philosophy of history, which does not accept the phenomenon of the Gospel as a Tradition, i.e., Traditions. In this way, it divides the Gospel and Tradition and closes the Gospel in a specific historical moment. According to the scholars, it is necessary to distinguish between the declaration of the substitution of the gospel by philosophy as a theoretical assumption, and historical reality, as a process of realization of the Good News that took place in the second century and in subsequent time. At present, the idea of the identity of the internal content of the confessional faith and the diversity of external, cultural forms of its expression is becoming relevant.Discussion and Conclusions. The author of the study managed to conduct a comparative and systematic analysis of the approaches that determine the strength and scope of the influence of ancient philosophy on Christian theology, in the works of both domestic and foreign thinkers. As a result, the author managed to carry out a comprehensive analysis of various approaches in assessing the degree of influence of ancient philosophy on Christian theology, as well as to trace the evolution of these ideas
Efficient Lewis Acid Systems for the A3 Coupling reaction
No full textEfficient Lewis Acid Systems for the A3 Coupling reaction
Cimarelli C., a Navazio F.,a Rossi F. V.a, Del Bello F., Marcantoni E.a
aSchool of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino; e-mail: [email protected]
Propargylamines are an attractive class of molecules because of their particular molecular skeleton, that contains an amine group located in β-position to an alkyne moiety suitable for many chemical transformations. In recent years they received a growing interest as key intermediates for several biologically active compound, natural products and also different heterocycles.[1,2]
Our goal was the development of green and simple methodologies for the synthesis of secondary propargylamines by Lewis acid catalyzed or promoted A3 reaction among aldehydes, alkynes and primary amines, that are in general less applied in such reactions because of their lower reactivity. In particular, we studied two different pathway: the CuSO4/NaI system in one pot fashion and the CeCl3/CuI system in one pot/two steps way (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1. CeCl3·7H2O/CuI and CuSO4/NaI catalyzed A3 reaction.
Heptahydrated CeCl3 is reported to be an excellent catalyst for many useful organic transformation as the synthesis of imines. Its efficacy as Lewis acid is enhanced in the presence of inorganic iodides/iodide salt and being cooper the transition metal of choice for A3 reactions, CuI was used.[3]
Also the CuSO4/NaI couple has revealed to be an interesting Lewis acid system as an alternative to CeCl3/CuI system which allow the formation of CuI in situ by quantitative spontaneous reaction that takes place in few seconds.[4]
Typically CuSO4/NaI catalysed reactions are faster than CeCl3·7H2O/CuI reactions, but suffer of some disadvantages, such as lower yields, and a narrower applicability. Both reaction conditions have been applied to different aldehydes (aromatic and aliphatic) and to chiral starting materials, the amine in general has no effect on the reaction outcome.
The relevant Glaser coupling drawback observed in the CuSO4/NaI system conditions has been suppressed by adding some benzoic acid, and has not been observed with the CeCl3/CuI system.
References:
1) Lauder, K.; Toscani, A.; Scalacci, N.; Castagnolo, D. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 14091.
2) Peshkov, V. A.; Pereshivko, O. P.; Van der Eycken, E. V. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 3790.
3) G. Bartoli, E. Marcantoni, M. Marcolini, L. Sambri, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6104.
4) Bailey, A. D.; Cherney, S. M.; Anzalone, P. W.; Anderson, E. D.; Ernat, J. J.; Mohan, R. S. Synlett 2006, 215
Redox‐Active Bisphosphonate‐Based Viologens as Negolytes for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries
No full textViologen derivatives feature two reversible one-electron redox processes and have been extensively utilized in aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs). However, the early variant, methyl viologen (MVi), exhibits low stability in aqueous electrolytes, restricting its practical implementation in AOFB technology. In this context, leveraging the tunability of organic molecules, various substituents have been incorporated into the viologen core to achieve better stability, lower redox potential, and improved solubility. In this work, we introduce bisphosphonate-substituted viologens as candidates for AOFBs. The bulkiness and negative charges of the bisphosphonate groups enhance the solubility and the electrostatic repulsion among viologen molecules, minimizing the bimolecular side reactions that lead to degradation. Additionally, the electron-donating effect of this new substituent significantly lowers the redox potential. As a result, the proposed viologen derivatives exhibit high solubility (1.66 - 1.81 M in water) and stability (capacity decay of 0.009%/cycle or 0.229%/day when tested at 0.5 M). These parameters are coupled with the lowest redox potentials exceeding all previously reported viologens utilized in AOFBs (–0.503 V and –0.550 V against SHE for mono- and bis-phosphonate viologen, respectively).peerReviewe
The A3 Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Efficient Lewis Acid Systems
No full textPropargylamines belong to a widely studied1 class of building blocks because of their
particular molecular skeleton that contains an amine group, suitable for nucleophilic reactions, located
in E-position to an alkyne moiety, that can act both as an electrophile and as a source of electrons in
nucleophilic reactions.2
Our goal was the development of green and simple Lewis acid catalyzed methodologies to
the A3 reaction for the synthesis of primary propargylamines from aldehydes, primary amines and
alkynes. In particular, we applied two different Lewis acid catalysts to this reaction: the CuSO4/NaI
system in one pot fashion and the CeCl3/CuI system in one pot/two steps way.
Figure 1 – CeCl3·7H2O/CuI and CuSO4/NaI catalyzed A3 reaction. Reaction conditions:
i) MgSO4, CeCl3·7H2O 30% mol, solventless, N2, r.t., 0.25h.
ii) CuI 30% mol, solventless, N2, 40°C
iii) CuSO4 30% mol/NaI 60% mol, PhCOOH 5% mol, solventless, N2, 80°C
Heptahydrated CeCl3 is a very good catalyst for the formation of imines, widely used also in
the synthesis of several classes of organic compounds.3 Its efficacy is enhanced in the presence of
inorganic iodides4 and being copper the transition metal of choice for A3 reactions, CuI was used.
Also the CuSO4/NaI couple has revealed to be an interesting Lewis acid system, alternative
to CeCl3/CuI system. The reaction has been applied also to chiral starting materials and, in general,
the amine has no effect on the reaction outcome. Typically CuSO4/NaI catalysed reactions are faster,
but suffer of some disadvantages, such as lower yields, and a narrower applicability. The relevant
Glaser coupling drawback observed in these conditions has been suppressed by adding some benzoic
acid, and has not been observed with the CeCl3/CuI system.
References:
[1] K. Lauder, A. Toscani, N. Scalacci, D. Castagnolo Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 14091 – 1420.
[2] V. A. Peshkov, O. P. Pereshivko, E. V. Van der Eycken Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 3790 – 3807.
[3] R. Properzi, E. Marcantoni Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 779 - 791.
[4] G. Bartoli, E. Marcantoni, M. Marcolini, L. Sambri Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6104 – 6143
Interpretation of electrical logging data from the Hettangian-Aalenian terrigenous reservoirs in the Southeast of Western Siberia
No full textIn the southeast of Western Siberia, the most studied are the Upper Jurassic deposits, most of the oil and gas fields being confined to them. However, the probability of discovering new hydrocarbon deposits in the Upper Jurassic horizons is extremely small. Therefore, of great importance is finding new hydrocarbon deposits in less studied deep-lying complexes.The article considers the development of a criterion for determining the saturation type of the terrigenous reservoirs in the Hettangian-Aalenian deposits in the southeast of the West Siberian sedimentary basin. We use the example of the UstTym megadepression, a large depression located in the central part of the Tomsk region. The Lower and Middle Jurassic sections are represented by the Urman and Togur formations, Salat formation (Peshkov formation is its isochronous analogue) and Tyumen formation, and characterized by the alternation of predominantly sandy (potential reservoirs) and argillaceous-carbonaceous (seals) sequences. In the studied interval, tests were carried out in just a few wells, for which reason the identification of deposits and promising objects is complicated. Determining the type of reservoir saturation will significantly improve the assessment of oil and gas potential.As a result of interpreting lateral logging sounding data, the geoelectric parameters of the invasion zone and undisturbed formation were reconstructed for the Lower Jurassic and Aalenian deposits. Based on the well logging data interpretation by means of numerical inversion, we obtained the criterion for the saturation type of the reservoirs (Ju11-17) in the Hettangian-Aalenian complex. The boundary resistivity values for the oil-saturated reservoirs vary from 8 to 20 ohm∙m, while for the water-saturated ones they do not exceed 5 ohm∙m
Approaches to Translating Dialogical Unity with Tag Questions in Shakespeare’s Tragedy “Hamlet”
No full textThis article explores the approaches to translating dialogical unity featuring tag questions from William Shakespeare’s tragedy “Hamlet.” It analyzes translations of a specific fragment of the source text, which contains this dialogical unity, carried out by various domestic translators including N. Polev, A. Kroneberg, M. Vronchenko, and M. Zagulaev in the 19th century, as well as B. Pasternak, M. Lozinsky, A. Radlova, and Y. Lifshitz in the 20th century, and A. Agroskin, I. Peshkov, A. Chernov, and V. Poplavsky in the 21st century. The study highlights the diversity of translation options and characterizes the differences in the choice of translation techniques. It demonstrates that the variability of translations is linked to the translator’s attitude towards tag questions. Two directions of interpretation by translators are identified: when understood as interrogative sentences, the tags are rendered as brief question structures such as “isn't it?”, “right?”, “isn't that so?”, “perhaps?”, “why not?”, which can also be more elaborate: “could it really be so?”, “it could have been that way too, couldn't it?” Conversely, if tag questions are interpreted as emotionally charged statements by the character, translators often see no need to convey the interrogative tags. The analysis reveals that the interpretation of lines containing tag questions depends on the translators’ perception of Shakespeare’s intent and their understanding of the mood and state of the characters
