1,721,041 research outputs found
Ex-Food: promoting a novel and sustainable pig production by using food leftovers as feedstuff
No full textThe use of alternative feed ingredients in farm animal diets is interesting from several perspectives. Ex-foods, also known as Former Food Products (FFPs), are one way of converting losses from the food industry into ingredients for the animal feed industry, thereby keeping nutrients in the food chain. Based on their nutritional features, these materials are extremely rich in carbohydrates, free sugars and, depending on their origin, also in fats. In addition, FFPs are often characterized by a high degree of processing including technological and heat treatments which can affect not only the availability of nutrients and the kinetics of digestion, but also gastro intestinal health and animal response. This review integrates some of the most recent published works about the chemical composition, nutritional value, digestibility and glycemic index of ex-foods. In addition, a view on the relationship between the use of FFPs and safety issues and their effects on intestinal microbiota are also given
Cereal Industry : e-Nose for Real Time and Online Quality and Safety Control and Management
No full textIn the cereal industry, the on-site safety and quality of products and by-products need to be continuously monitored. At the industrial level, the main question is the choice of the best analytical method for a practical purpose enabling “decision-making” regarding the acceptance or rejection of a lot and the insurance of quality standards. Regular, economical, straightforward cereal tests with regard to a rapid and accurate diagnosis of food quality and safety are needed. The objective of this idea is to set up an electronic nose (e-nose) for the safety and quality evaluation of cereal products and by-products, focusing on mycotoxin contamination. The final goal is to evaluate the potential application of the e-nose technology as an on-line continuous monitoring and controlling tool in cereal processing, in particular wheat milling. E-nose could be integrated with other on-line analysis devices in a technological platform for monitoring and controlling food quality. Multi-sensor-devices and multisensor-data-fusion technology have a great potential value to the food industry to ensure that cereal products and by-products meet specifications according to their specific use
Growth performance and nutrient balance of pigs fed low protein diets without mineral phosphate supplementation
Full text linkThe 48 pigs were blocked by gender, body weight (BW), and litter, assigned to 1 of the 4 treatments (C=control, N-=low crude protein (CP) with amino acid (AA) addition, P-=no MP, and N-P-=combination of N- and P-), fed ad libitum, and all housed in one pen. Grower and finisher diets with C contained respectively 15.5% and 13.5% CP, 0.47% and 0.41% P, and 0.29% and 0.26% digestible P (dP), diets with N- contained 10% and 15% less CP, and diets with P- contained 20% and 22% less P, leading to 24% and 21% less dP than C. Diets with N- were optimized to use minimal amounts of imported soybean meal, replaced by Swiss-origin protein beans and rapeseed meal, and synthetic AAs to reach minimal CP but equal digestible AA contents as in C. In P-, phosphate was removed and calcium:dP ratios were fixed as in C by adjusting calcium carbonate.
Individual feed intake and weekly BW were recorded. Average daily feed intake and gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Over grower and finisher phases (47±4.0d and 40±8.2d, respectively), nutrient balance data were derived by differences between nutrient intake and body nutrient accretion which was derived from body composition assessment by dual X-ray absorptiometry at the start (22.3±3.35kg BW), middle (≈60kg BW at diet change from grower to finisher), and end (BW≥100kg) of the experiment. Urinary and daily fecal samples were obtained during two 4-d collection periods (40-50kg BW grower and 75-85kg BW finisher).
There were no interactions (P>0.05) between N- and P- effects on any measured parameter. No differences (P>0.10) were observed in growth performance due to N- or P- effects, except finisher pigs with P- had a higher FCR (P<0.05, 2.66 vs 2.60). In grower, finisher, and overall periods, the intake and excretion of N and P were reduced (P<0.01) in pigs fed respectively diets N- and P-, and female pigs had better nutrient utilization rates (P≤0.001) regardless of treatments.
The findings suggest replacing imported soybean meal with local protein sources and AA supplementation while simultaneously reducing CP contents and the MP removal in growing-finishing pig’s diet can maintain animal growth and reduce N and P excretion into the environment
Detecting microplastics in feces of pig fed former food products
No full textFormer food products (FFPs) are authorized feedstuffs. However, there is presence of plastic packaging remnants in feed made from FFPs. Such contaminants, especially microplastics (MPs), can occur in biological matrices like feces. Thus, we aimed to test the efficiency of the selected method for MP sampling, digestion, and extraction in pig feces. The 36 fecal samples were collected from growing-finishing pigs fed a control diet or diets containing 30% sugary FFPs or 30% salty FFPs (n=12 per group). Feces were collected from rectum, placed in aluminum bags to avoid contamination, and 3 sets of 3 g feces were obtained from random spots in each fecal sample. Then, 25 mL 30% H2O2 was added to feces at room temperature for a week to digest organic matter. The 3 extra samples were spiked with blue polypropylene pieces to check if the digestion process may change plastic’s appearance. For density separation, 100 mL saturated NaCl solution (D=1.2 g/cm3) was added to the samples that were filtered after overnight settling. Treated feces were inspected under a stereomicroscope to detect plastic remnants. Suspected particles were placed in a petri dish to be analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for material confirmation. Plastic’s appearance was not changed by H2O2 digestion. However, it was not able to detect any MPs from collected feces with the chosen method as the original packaging contamination in FFPs was low and MPs’ presence was diluted by FFPs’ inclusion level. Hence, further studies are needed to test different methods, develop a standard protocol for fecal MP extraction, and seek markers to trace the fate of MPs in animals
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Jejunal and ileal nutrient uptake and epithelium integrity in pigs differing in protein efficiency
No full textProtein efficiency (PE) improvement is essential to develop sustainable pig production. The inefficient use of dietary protein by the animal results in excess excretion of unused protein that contributes to ammonia pollution. This study hypothesized that PE depends on a range of physiological processes such as intestinal amino acid uptake or the intestinal epithelial integrity in the pig. Thirty one Swiss Large White pigs (13 females and 18 castrated males)
were reared until an average body weight (BW) of 22.5 kg (±1.6 kg) and subsequently allocated to a pen where they remained until slaughter (BW 106±5 kg). Pigs had ad libitum access to a protein-reduced grower and finisher diet and water. For the ex vivo evaluation, jejunum segments from the third meter distal to the pylorus were removed within 15 min after exsanguination. Tissues were stripped of outer muscle layers and mounted in Ussing hambers. Trans epithelial difference (TEER) and short-circuit current (Isc) were continuously monitored. To evaluate L-Glutamate (L-Glut), L-Arginine (L-Arg) and D-Glucose (D-Gluc) uptake, tissues were equilibrated for 20 min before the mucosal addition of 5 mM L-Glut, followed by the addition of L-Arg, L-Meth and D-Gluc at the same concentration every 15 min. Simple linear models were run in R V 4.1.2 using lm() to investigate the influence of Isc, TEER, D-Glut, L-Arg and D-Gluc with PE, respectively. Sex did not influence any of the measured parameters. The TEER showed a negative relationship (P=0.009, R2=0.21) with PE, while no relationships were found between PE and amino acids uptake. A significant positive relationship between PE and D-Gluc uptake was also found (P=0.048, R2=0.14). The TEER strongly depends on the tight junction protein (TJs) expression. Further analysis are planned to investigate the intestinal TJs protein expression. Similarly, the protein expression of D-Gluc transporters will be the subject of future studies to clarify the correlation between PE and D-Gluc active transpor
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
- …
