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Qamariyyāt: oltre ogni frontiera. Tra letteratura e traduzione. Studi in onore di Isabella Camera d’Afflitto
No full textArticoli scritti da studiosi di varie parti del mondo su diverse tematiche che riguardano la letteratura araba contemporane
Farmer crop variety mixtures to cope with disease epidemics in the common bean cropping system of the Ecuadorian highlands
Full text linkAbstract 1. Common bean variety mixture diversity: a farmers and scientific view of its contribution to the highlands agroecosystem sustainability in Ecuador.
Common bean has been for long time the most cultivated legume for direct consumption in Ecuador. It is still cultivated mostly in traditional agroecosystems, in which farmers have implemented a series of management strategies to maintain crop sustainability. By linking participatory diagnosis, crop diversity assessment, and disease evaluation in the field, we established rationality of famers’ practices for the climbing common bean cropping system in the highlands of Ecuador. Climbing common bean is primarily grown intercropped with maize in a variety mixture strategy involving high genetic diversity. Two different types of variety mixtures are intercropped with maize in Cotacachi (north Ecuador): Chacra, a late maturing type of growth habit IV and Allpa an early maturing type of growth habit I, II, and III. In Saraguro (south Ecuador), only Chacra variety mixtures are cultivated; however, Popayán (Phaseolus coccineus) is often part of Chacra variety mixtures. Common bean cultivation in the intensified approach in Cotacachi and Saraguro aims food security by a better food provision of Chacra and Allpa types along the year, and by buffering biotic and abiotic constraints, which is achieved by planting genetically diverse variety mixtures. A negative association was observed between variety mixtures richness and evenness with rust epidemics. Farmers were knowledgeable about mixture diversity, mixture benefits, and pest and disease epidemics. They were able to name in an analytical way most components of variety mixtures, they perceived inter-specific diversity (intercrop) and intra-specific diversity (variety mixtures) reducing pest and diseases epidemics. Farmers also perceived evident differences among diseases, disease transmission, and disease resistance and its durability. However, as expected and reported frequently in literature, farmers associated disease origin with disease conducive conditions such as rain and clouds. Resistance and its durability are for farmers closely associated traits; resistant for farmers is absence of disease, which was easily detected in Phaseolus coccineus, which is a case of nonhost resistance or marginal host.Abstract 2. Resistance to Uromyces appendiculatus in common bean variety mixtures in the highland of Ecuador
Common bean in Ecuador is cultivated in a centre of crop diversity in an ancient agroecosystem, with high intraspecific diversity and traditional crop management strategies. In these conditions, the crop has adapted to important diseases such as rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), one of the most important constraints of common bean in Ecuador. To adapt the crop to biotic constraints, farmers have adopted variety mixtures as the key crop management strategy. In this study, we characterized resistance to rust operating in variety mixtures, for which 67 Cotacachi and 65 Saraguro lines were derived from variety mixtures. These lines were studied at the seedling stage with representative Ecuadorian isolates of U. appendiculatus, and were complementarily evaluated in field experiments in Cotacachi, Saraguro, and Gualaceo. At seedling stage, 31 different resistance genes were identified in Cotacachi and 38 were identified in Saraguro. The pathogen population has already adapted to these resistance factors and therefore they are not useful for conventional plant breeding. However, efficiency of resistance of these resistance factors varied significantly, suggesting that some of them are durable. In addition, resistance genes identified at the seedling stage significantly explained resistance in the field. Partial resistance (PR) also complementarily explained resistance in the field, especially for Cotacachi lines. Both, resistance genes and PR dynamically operating in a close relationship with U. appendiculatus evolution has created a high mixture effect that has reduced common bean vulnerability in the highlands of Ecuador.Abstract 3. Common bean variety mixture intensification: a sustainable and resilient approach to improve food security in the highlands of Ecuador.
Farmers in the highlands of Cotacachi-Ecuador have implemented variety mixture intensification to improve food security and sustain cultivation of common bean. The late-maturing Chacra belonging to growth habit IV and the early maturing Allpa belonging to growth habits I, II and III are planted together with maize in the same plot. The former type is planted with maize in the same planting site and the later type is planted between maize/Chacra plants. The effect of this intensification approach on pest and disease development, yield (kg/ha), and 100 seed weight were studied in Cotacachi (highland) and Tumbaco (valley). The land equivalent ratio (LER) index was used to establish the effect of the intensified approach on productivity (yield). In Cotacachi, LER of Chacra in any biotic constraint or climatic condition was higher than 0.5, being favoured in any condition by the intensification approach. Allpa on the other hand was slightly affected by the intensification approach at high rust and ALS epidemics, with a LER slightly lower than 0.5. Loss of Allpa due to disease epidemics was compensated by better performance of Chacra. In favourable conditions at low disease severity, LER of both Chacra and Allpa reached around 0.75, showing that Chacra and Allpa have co-adapted to the intensification approach. In Cotacachi, intensification was a compensatory system at high disease pressure, while a synergic system in favourable conditions. In Tumbaco, on the other hand the intensification approach was competitive, Chacra performed much better in the mixture than Allpa reaching a LER of around 1; however, Allpa performed better than Chacra as sole crop. Result of this study allowed us to conclude than Chacra is better adapted to the highland, while Allpa is better adapted to lowlands; and therefore, Allpa has been introduced to the highlands, and already co-adapted with Chacra, creating a compensatory and synergic system
Letteratura e dialogo interculturale. Un percorso tra scritture e traduzioni
Full text linkIn un’epoca come quella attuale caratterizzata dalla globalizzazione e dalle migrazioni internazionali, le scritture migranti hanno ricevuto una crescente attenzione letteraria in seguito alla crescita dei testi composti nella lingua del paese ospite, che osserva il desiderio di chi vive all’interno di una comunità migrante di intraprendere la propria espressione comunicativa attraverso le varie forme dei generi letterari.
In questo studio, per una scelta di ordine metodologico si è deciso di prendere in considerazione il caso di alcuni testi in prosa di autori e autrici migranti italiani di origine araba, che avessero un minimo di diffusione e che i cui testi offrissero una certa riflessione interculturale. Si sono scelte, dunque, opere dell’algerino Amara Lakhous e dell’iracheno Younis Tawfik, mentre sul versante della letteratura migrante al femminile sono stati scelti i romanzi di due scrittrici di origine palestinese, Salwa Salem e Rula Jebreal.
Nell’ultima parte della ricerca, invece, si sofferma sul ruolo della traduzione letteraria delle opere tra la cultura italiana e quella araba, sullo scambio che si realizza fra le due culture, quella di partenza e quella di arrivo, e la possibilità di comunicazione interculturale che la traduzione pone. Sono stati catalogati, quindi, diversi esempi del fertilissimo lavoro di traduzione di romanzi, racconti, poesie e opere teatrali dei più importanti autori e autrici arabi tradotti in italiano e viceversa, e il ruolo delle iniziative di traduzione promosse dalle piccole case editrici, al fine di osservare come il libro possa diventare un mezzo per la promozione di un efficace incontro/confronto/dialogo interculturale
Il suonatore di nuvole
No full textNabil fa il violoncellista a Baghdad, in uno scenario decisamente poco favorevole alla musica sinfonica: incompreso dai più, preso di mira dai salafiti, decide di fuggire in Europa
Capitolo 2: Il Corano
Full text link1. Il Corano
come appare oggi
2. Cronologia
e cronologia interna
3. Lingua e stile
4. Contenuti
5. L’impatto del Corano
sulla letteratura araba
successiva
Attività di vigilanza ispettiva sulle farmacie aperte al pubblico: l’esperienza dell’Asl Provincia di Milano 3
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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