1,721,101 research outputs found
Principia Ethica, con la Prefazione alla seconda edizione del 1922
No full textIn questo libro, considerato atto di nascita dell’etica analitica, Moore intende confutare sia il “naturalismo” di Herbert Spencer e John Stuart Mill sia l’etica “metafisica” di Francis Bradley e John McTaggart denunciando la fallacia naturalistica o metafisica consistente nell’identificare “buono” con proprietà quali “risultato dell’evoluzione”, “produttivo di felicità”, “conforme all’essenza delle cose”. La domanda che chiede se ciò che è più evoluto o piacevole sia anche buono è sempre una domanda “aperta”; pertanto “buono” è una nozione semplice e indefinibile. Oltre alla definizione del termine “buono”, l’etica comprende la domanda sul bene “quali cose sono buone”, e la domanda sulla condotta “che dobbiamo fare”. La risposta alla prima domanda è che non si può dimostrare che certe cose sono buone ma solo chiedersi se qualcosa avrebbe valore anche se fosse l’unica cosa esistente. Questo metodo dell’“isolamento assoluto” concluderebbe che il “valore intrinseco” non è posseduto dal piacere ma da “unità organiche” di cui gli affetti e il godimento della bellezza sono gli esempi maggiori. La risposta alla domanda sulla condotta è che non esistono norme assolute: il criterio che stabilisce l’azione giusta è la produzione di conseguenze migliori. Il calcolo del valore intrinseco portato dalle conseguenze è però irrealizzabile per via della complessità e aleatorietà dei fattori coinvolti. L’“utilitarismo ideale” di Moore resta quindi un’indicazione di massima che non può tradursi in una guida effettiva per l’azione. I Principia divennero subito un libro di culto per i membri del circolo di Bloomsbury, che vi trovarono il manifesto di un “esistenzialismo” che sfidava l’ipocrisia della morale tradizionale. Negli anni Venti i filosofi anglosassoni ripresero la tesi che la ricerca sul significato di “buono” è l’oggetto primario dell’etica, avviando la disciplina oggi chiamata metaetica. L’argomento dei Principia venne utilizzato per criticare le posizioni naturalistiche e fornì un contributo rilevante – contro l’intenzione di Moore – alla formulazione di teorie non-cognitiviste. Dalla fine degli anni Cinquanta, quando i filosofi anglosassoni riscoprirono l’etica normativa, anche l’utilitarismo ideale tornò al centro dell’interesse nel contesto di una competizione fra etiche kantiane, utilitariste e neoaristoteliche
Informed consent as an ethical requirement in clinical trials : an old, but still unresolved issue : an observational study to evaluate patient's informed consent comprehension
No full textWe explored the comprehension of the informed consent in 77 cancer patients previously enrolled in randomised phase II or phase III clinical trials, between March and July 2011, at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milano. We asked participants to complete an ad hoc questionnaire and analysed their answers. Sixty-two per cent of the patients understood the purpose and nature of the trial they were participating in; 44% understood the study procedures and 40% correctly listed at least one of the major risks or complications related to their participation in the trial. We identified three factors associated with comprehension of the informed consent: age, education and type of tumour/investigator team. We suggest several possible improvements of how to obtain informed consent that will increase patient awareness, as well as the validity and effectiveness of the clinical trials
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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